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Lime
Published in A. Bahurudeen, P.V.P. Moorthi, Testing of Construction Materials, 2020
[IES 2007] Consider the following statements about lime. Calcination of limestone results in quicklime.Lime produced from a pure variety of chalk is hydraulic lime.Hydrated lime is obtained by treating quicklime with water.Which of the above statements are correct? 1, 2 and 31 and 2 only2 and 3 only1 and 3 only
Materials and components for masonry
Published in Peter Domone, John Illston, Construction Materials, 2018
Hydraulic lime was widely used in the past and is frequently specified for repairing historic buildings to match the original mortar. It is basically a quicklime – calcium oxide – produced by heating impure limestone to a high temperature. The impurities, usually siliceous or clay, lead to the formation of a proportion of hydraulically active compounds such as calcium silicates or aluminates. The binder is made by partial hydrolysis (slaking) of the lime with water. The high temperatures and steam caused by the reaction help to break down the mass to a powder. The mortar is made as normal by gauging (mixing in prescribed proportions) the finely ground binder with sand and water. The classic reference works are Vicat (1837) and Cowper (1927). More recent information is given by Ashurst (1983) and the BRE Good Building Guide 66 (2005).
Materials and components for masonry
Published in Marios Soutsos, Peter Domone, Construction Materials, 2017
Hydraulic lime was widely used in the past and is frequently specified for repairing historic buildings to match the original mortar. It is basically a quicklime – calcium oxide – produced by heating impure limestone to a high temperature. The impurities, usually siliceous or clay, lead to the formation of a proportion of hydraulically active compounds such as calcium silicates or aluminates. The binder is made by partial hydrolysis (slaking) of the lime with water. The high temperatures and steam caused by the reaction helps to break down the mass to a powder. The mortar is made as normal by gauging (mixing in prescribed proportions) the finely ground binder with sand and water. The classic reference works are Vicat (1837) and Cowper (1927). More recent information is given by Ashurst (1983) and the BRE Good Building Guide 66 (2005).
Eminent Structural Engineer: Louis Vicat
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2020
Louis Vicat carried out scores of tests which he religiously recorded in his notebooks, and he even used a baker’s oven for his experiments in the courtyard of his home in Souillac. Based on his extensive research, Louis Vicat arranged the different types of lime using the so-called Vicat hydraulic index, which represented the ratio of acidic elements to base elements (Fig. 4). The index allowed him to create rock mixtures that, once fired, would create a product capable of hardening under water when finely ground. In 1817, Louis Vicat published an initial paper outlining the results of his research in the journal Annals of Physics and Chemistry. In 1818, his work was recognised by the French Royal Academy of Science (Fig. 5). Louis Vicat described his law of lime and cement hydraulicity as follows: “For fired limestone to produce hydraulic lime (or cement), it is necessary and sufficient for the limestone to contain a certain amount of clay disseminated in its mass. Iron, magnesium and manganese are clearly not hydraulic elements”.
Mechanical and Structural Investigation of Traditional Masonry Systems with Diverse Types of Bricks and Hydrated Lime Mortars
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
Gayoon Lee, Jun Hyoung Park, Chan Hee Lee, Sung-Min Lee, Kihak Lee
Many studies have been conducted on the physical and chemical characteristics of mortar, contributing to the maintenance practices for Korean cultural heritage sites. In addition, studies have also been conducted on regional lime production, exploitation methods, material supply and demand, and so on. Kang et al. (2019) investigated the use of hydraulic lime in Korea for preventive conservation of historic masonry structures. They evaluated the importance of the hydraulic properties of lime-based materials using both historical and experimental evidence. The authors also conducted a study on ways to control the hydration and carbonation of lime-based materials (Kang, et al., 2020). The results have been employed to prepare natural hydraulic lime-based materials as alternatives to Portland cement and nonhydraulic lime for the repair and restoration of heritage structures. Cho et al. (2017) proposed a method to improve the performance of local Korean natural hydraulic lime-based mortar using inorganic byproducts. The results indicated improvement in compressive strength and the setting time of the natural lime-based mortar, which included added blast furnace slag and silica fume. Lee et al. (2021) studied the behavior of masonry specimens using two types of lime mortars. Several mixing ratios were adopted to deeply investigate their influence on masonry specimens. The results indicated the benefits of adding white cement to the mixtures to increase the compressive strength of prism specimens, as well as the shear strength of diagonal specimens. However, some studies only focused on the brick properties, and also discussed the behavior of bricks and mortar.
Influence of binder on the multiscale properties of hemp concretes
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2019
Guillaume Delannoy, Sandrine Marceau, Philippe Glé, Etienne Gourlay, Marielle Guéguen-Minerbe, Dinarzed Diafi, Issam Nour, Sofiane Amziane, Fabienne Farcas
Hemp concrete is based on hemp shiv – the woody part of the stalk crushed in particles. These aggregates, which represent the main volume fraction of the materials, are covered and linked together by a mineral binder layer to ensure the cohesion of the concrete. Hemp concrete contains different proportion of binder depending on its use (insulation of roofs, walls or floors). The mineral binder is often based on lime, with the possible addition of cement or pozzolanic materials (Amziane & Sonebi, 2016; Magniont, 2010; Nozahic, Amziane, Torrent, Saïdi, & De Baynast, 2012). Both pure lime (hardening only by carbonation) and/or hydraulic lime (hardening by hydration and carbonation) are used. Natural cement is also used with hemp shiv to formulate hemp concrete (Marceau et al., 2017). In general, the microstructure of materials determines their properties. For materials based on mineral binders, their chemical composition and the formulation impact the porosity and then the mechanical performances (Arandigoyen & Alvarez, 2006; Arnaud & Gourlay, 2012; Silva, Ferreira Pinto, & Gomes, 2015). For hemp concretes, the addition of shiv whose porosity is high (Jiang, Ansell, Jia, Hussain, & Lawrence, 2017) induces a complex microstructure of the material which determine the thermal properties, the hydroscopic behaviour, and the acoustical performances of this material (Collet, Chamoin, Pretot, & Lanos, 2013; Collet & Pretot, 2014; Fotsing, Lecompte, & Ross, 2017; Glé, Gourdon, & Arnaud, 2011; Nguyen et al., 2016; Oumeziane, Moissette, Bart, & Lanos, 2016). Moreover, interactions can occur between the vegetal and mineral parts. Indeed, plants have a negative impact on the hydration of binders (Diquelou, Gourlay, Arnaud, & Kurek, 2015; Sedan, Pagnoux, Smith, & Chotard, 2008), and alkaline degradation of plants have also been observed in fibre-cement composites (Wei & Meyer, 2014, 2015).