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Mass Transfer
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya, Essentials and Applications of Food Engineering, 2019
C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya
Carbonation is the process of dissolving carbon dioxide into a solution of water under pressure. Carbonated soft drinks are packaged in bottles or cans under high pressure in a chamber filled with carbon dioxide gas. In a carbonated beverage industry, Henry’s law can be applied to determine the pressure level to attain the required level of carbonation, if the required amount of CO2 (total number of moles) to be incorporated in the soft drink is known and vice versa. Example 6.1 explains the practical application of Henry’s law in beverage processing.
Improvement in mechanical properties and microstructure of electric arc furnace slag bricks by microbial accelerated carbonation
Published in Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2023
Yilin Su, Peng Jin, Qiwei Zhan
The XRD patterns of blank paste, carbonated paste and microbial carbonated paste are shown in Figure 8. The results showed that only a small amount of calcium carbonate was formed on the surface of the blank paste, and the diffraction peak intensity of calcite in the control paste was lower than that in the carbonated and microbial carbonated paste. Both Group C (carbonated) and MC (microbial carbonated) formed a large amount of calcium carbonate within 20 mm from the surface. Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) has remained on the surface (0–5 mm) of carbonated paste (Group C), while all the calcium hydroxide has been converted into calcite in the range of 0–5 mm on the surface of the MC group. Besides, there was not any calcium silicate in the surface layer of the microbial carbonated paste, which indicates that the paste mixed with microorganisms might also promote the hydration of calcium silicate during the carbonation process.
A simplified coupling model of carbonation and chloride ingress based on Stefan-like condition
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2022
Xingji Zhu, Xuerui Dai, Lu Liu, Wenfeng Bian, Longjun Xu, Zhaozheng Meng
According to the concrete carbonation model in Papadakis’ paper (Papadakis et al., 1991a, 1991b; Papadakis et al., 1989), the carbonation front can be simply predicted by where xc is the carbonation depth, αc is the rate coefficient of carbonation, which can be determined by where, is the diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide in carbonated concrete. is the boundary concentration of carbon dioxide, and are the initial concentration of carbon dioxide, calcium hydroxide, CSH, C3S and C2S, respectively.
Morphology control synthesis of nano rods and nano ovals CaCO3 particle systems
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Khalida Akhtar, Saniya Yousafzai
Ultrafine CaCO3 particles were synthesized by titrating calcium hydroxide with carbonated water. For this purpose, carbonated water was prepared by bubbling CO2 gas through 100 mL of distilled water at different flow rates (0.317–1 L/min) at room temperature for various intervals of time (1–20 min). The prepared carbonated water was titrated against aqueous calcium hydroxide (1.9 × 10−2–2.1 × 10−2 mol/L) solution with a flow rate of 5 mL/min under continuous stirring. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed several times with water and then ethanol and left for drying in air.