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The biodiesel' industry and policies
Published in Walter Amedzro St-Hilaire, Agribusiness Economics, 2022
What about the biodiesel policies? While some countries have been dealing with biofuels since the 1980s, by providing for their incorporation into fossil fuels and allowing the application of reduced excise taxation, new directives are currently determining the legal framework of these countries applicable to biofuels. For example, the European Union has set the Member States the objective of increasing the share of energy from renewable sources in the final energy consumption of the transport sector to 10% by 2020. In addition, several countries have sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids, which are useful for measuring compliance with targets and eligibility for financial support. These criteria stipulate that biofuels and bioliquids should reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 35–60% and prohibit their production from feedstocks from land with high biodiversity values, land with high carbon stocks and ‘peatlands.'
Introduction
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
The term “biofuel” refers to a liquid or gaseous transport fuel, such as ethanol, biodiesel, hydroprocessed vegetable oils and lipids, upgraded bio-pyrolysis oil (bio-oil), or biogas-derived biomethane, produced from biomass and renewable resources, such as lignocellulosic plants, starch or sugar crop plants, and the organic fraction of municipal or industrial wastes. The term “bioliquid” is instead used to indicate a liquid fuel used for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling, produced from biomass. As energy resources from fossil fuels (such as oil, natural gas, and coal) are being depleted or discouraged due to the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and impact on global climate, the production and use of sustainable biofuels is considered crucial to fully deploy potential energy resources in the future. The International Energy Agency (IEA) projected that petroleum resources will be depleted around 2060. According to the IEA, currently about 2% of world energy needed for transportation is being produced from bioenergy. It is expected this figure will be increased to 27% by 2050 (IEA, 2016). The U.S. biodiesel production increased from 343 million gal in 2010 to 1.278 billion gal in 2014, an increase of 272% during this 5-year period (AgMRC, 2016). The World Economic Forum in Davos recommended that 515 billion dollars a year be spent globally on clean energy development (including sustainable biofuels) between now and 2030 (Russia Today, 2009). Lowering CO2 emission and increasing world energy security represent further cornerstones of biofuels in a global sustainable energy scenario. Main feedstocks for the production of biofuels include lignocellulosic biomass, starch, sugar, lipids, and wet biomass. Major products from these feedstock materials include syngas, bio-oil, bioalcohols, hydroprocessed vegetable oil, biodiesel, glycerol and biomethane, and pyrolysis oil as an intermediate energy carrier to be further upgraded downstream into transport fuels. Processes that may be used to convert the feedstocks into the products may include gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction, fermentation, hydroprocessing, and transesterification.
Positioning the biofuel policy in the bioeconomy of the BioEast macro-region
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Biljana Kulišić, Ioannis Dimitriou, Blas Mola-Yudego
This structure aimed to reduce the number of attributes and not to overwhelm the decision-maker when considering the trade-offs [27] but simultaneously include the main criteria identified in the so-called RED II [17]: energy demand (calculation rules with regard to the minimum shares of renewable energy in the transport sector, Article 26) and sustainability in terms of GHG savings from the alternative and land use (Sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels, Article 29). The choice architecture was then arranged for the stakeholders in a form of a questionnaire.