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Preparation and use of Biodiesel in a Continuous Process using Alcohol/Water Mixtures
Published in Jorge M.T.B. Varejão, Biomass, Bioproducts and Biofuels, 2022
The problem with soybean oil is that it is a lipid that has a relatively high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and linolenic acids, which are healthy if eaten without heating, but are not very stable to heating, especially in the presence of oxygen. The frying process of food is generally carried out at temperatures of 180 to 200ºC, conditions that lead to rapid oxidative degradation of the same, which leads to rancification and/ or polymerization to resins of high molar mass. To prevent or at least slow down the rate of degradation, antioxidant substances are added, such as di-t-butylmethylphenol (BHT) (Esposo et al. 2015). In any case, they will degrade and quickly lead to the formation of triacylglycerol decomposition products (Liu et al. 2019). The initial steps of the degradation process of triacylglycerols are shown in Figure 3.
Soy-Based Lubricants
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Soy-based lubricants are noted for their enhanced lubricity and high viscosity index along with low evaporation loss and low flammability. Having low toxicity and being readily biodegradable, they offer a sustainable and renewable option for a broad range of lubrication applications. Soybean oil is used for a variety of lubricants, oils, and grease applications including air tool lubricants, gear oils, general purpose and penetrating lubricants, hydraulic fluids, metal working fluids, slideway lubricants, two-cycle engine oil, and moving surfaces where the lubricant is lost directly into the environment such as wire-rope, chain, bar and chain oil, and cable lubricants. With the recent development of high oleic soybeans, formulations with improved thermal stability are now feasible, which will extend the use of soy into additional uses. Renewable by nature, soy production is responsible for significant greenhouse gas reductions while yields and efficiency are increasing [8].
Introduction to Biofuels
Published in K.A. Subramanian, Biofueled Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines, 2017
The first generation of biofuels is derived from the biomass that is the source of sugar, lipid, and starch extracted from the plant. For example, sugarcane molasses is feedstock for the production of ethanol. However, ethanol can also be produced from the feedstock of sugar but it will conflict with the food source. Soybean oil is used as an edible oil in many countries but it can also be used as feedstock for the production of biodiesel. As first-generation biofuels could lead to a conflict with the food source, these are not sustainable fuels.
Liquid fuel synthesis from Leonotis nepetifolia seeds through in-situ transesterification method
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Sangeeta D Benni, Ravindra S Munnolli, Kariyappa S Katagi, Nikhil S Kadam, Mahesh C Akki
At present, the edible oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed oil and palm oil are used as feedstock for biodiesel production. Consequently, biodiesel is really competing constrained land availability with the food industry for the same oil crop (Kansedo, Lee, and Bhatia 2009). In order to overcome this issue, many researchers from the past few decades are advocating the cultivation of the non-edible feed stocks like Jatropha curcas, Moringa oleifera, Calophyllum inophyllum, Eruca sativa gars, Terminalia(Chang et al. 2013), Croton megalocarpus, Cerberaodollam, Pongamia pinnata, Madhuca indica, in forest and non-agricultural land for the commercialization of biodiesel (Bankovic-Ilic, Stamenkovic, and Veljkovic 2012). Nevertheless, the search for non-edible seed oils suitable to different localities with changing climate conditions is a challenge and a lot needs to be explored in this direction. As an attempt, a novel, non-edible, Leonotis nepetifolia seed oil has been investigated for its fuel properties on being subjected to transesterification and by conversion into fatty acid methyl esters. Generally, oils are composed of triacylglycerol molecules containing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids and saturated fatty acids like myristic, palmitic, stearic acids, etc., are found in vegetable seed oils (Anderson et al. 2010).
Determination of the optimum polystyrene parameters using asphalt binder modified with poly(styrene-acrylated epoxidised soybean oil) through response surface modelling
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2019
Conglin Chen, Joseph H. Podolsky, R. Christopher Williams, Eric W. Cochran
Soybean oil is one of the most abundant oils in global vegetable oil production (Agricultural Market Information System, 2015; Hobbelink, 1991). It possesses multiple carbon–carbon double bonds (C═C) that allow for modification, which makes it particularly suitable for polymerisation as biomonomers (biological monomers) in the polymer industry (Hernández, Yan, Williams, & Cochran, 2015; Yan et al., 2016). Due to the low reactivity of these double bonds in vegetable oils (i.e. soybean oil), soybean oil needs to be epoxidised and reacted with acrylic acid to yield acrylated epoxidised soybean oil (AESO) that has very active double bonds for polymerisation (Baumann et al., 1988; Raquez, Deléglise, Lacrampe, & Krawczak, 2010; Williams, Cascione, Cochran, & Hernández, 2014; Zhang, Yan, Cochran, & Kessler, 2015). Then AESO can be polymerised and synthesised into a rubbery component to replace butadiene in block copolymers (e.g. poly(styrene-block-butadiene) (SB) and poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS)) with similar properties (Hernández et al., 2015; Williams et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2016).
Introducing a soybean oil-derived material as a potential rejuvenator of asphalt through rheology, mix characterisation and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2018
Mohamed Elkashef, Joseph Podolsky, R. Christopher Williams, Eric W. Cochran
The production of soybean in the US constitutes about one-third of the total world production. The state of Iowa is considered a substantial producer of soybean. The production of soybean in Iowa amounted to 14% of the US soybean output during a five-year period from 2010 to 2014, according to a recent report published by the Iowa soybean association (Iowa Soybean Association, 2016). This huge production is processed in the form of either soybean meals or soybean oil. Soybean meals are largely consumed by the livestock industry while most of the soybean oil is used in the production of biodiesels. An estimated 20% of the soybean output is used to make biodiesel oil (Iowa Soybean Association, 2016). The process of biodiesel oil production involves transesterification of the soybean oil in the presence of a catalyst (Ma & Hanna, 1999). The abundance of the soybean oil production in the US inspires the need to look for alternative applications other than biodiesel production.