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Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Published in G. Mattney Cole, Assessment and Remediation of Petroleum Contaminated Sites, 2018
Unsaturation in this context means exactly the same thing as in ads for margarines. Unsaturated fats or oils contain double bonds in the carbon chain and as a result cannot be converted by the body into cholesterol. The hydrocarbon residues from unsaturated fats and oils can be converted into saturated triglycerides as storage fat, but not into the more harmful cholesterol.
Introduction and Background
Published in Jay L. Nadeau, Introduction to Experimental Biophysics, 2017
Fatty acids (form diglycerides and triglycerides by dehydration synthesis). Free fatty acids are molecules with a long carbon chain terminated in a carboxylic acid (Figure 1.3d). Fatty acids are crucial components of every cell, as they are the principal constituents of cell membranes. Most dietary fats, as well as fats stored in our own bodies, are in the form of triglycerides, which is a glycerol head attached to three fatty acid tails. The composition of these tails varies widely and plays an important role in the taste and texture of fatty foods. The number of double bonds in a fatty acid is called its degree of unsaturation and determines its melting temperature. Fully saturated fats (no double bonds) are solid at room temperature (butter is >50% saturated) whereas unsaturated fats are liquid (canola oil is nearly 95% unsaturated). A mix of different numbers of double bonds in the three chains allows triglycerides to have very complex melting properties. The triglyceride shown in Figure 1.3dis one found in cocoa butter, and its melting properties are responsible for the “melt in your mouth, not in your hand” nature of chocolate.
Fitness to Fly
Published in Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber, Human Factors in Multi-Crew Flight Operations, 2017
Harry W. Orlady, Linda M. Orlady, John K. Lauber
Fats are a structural component of the cells and provide energy for metabolism. However, we don’t need a lot of it. Fats should constitute less than 30 percent of total caloric input, but unfortunately often constitute considerably more. The excess of low-density cholesterol, which is associated with heart disease, seems primarily due to eating too much saturated fat. Most of the saturated fats we eat are found in meats and dairy products. Unsaturated fats, either monounsaturated fats, which are found in olive oil and avocados, or polyunsaturated fats, which are found in fish and vegetable oils, are better for us.
Investigation of Metal doped-ZSM5 coated catalyst for emission reduction in a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel–diesel blends
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
G. Elavarasan, Rajneesh Kaushal
Petrol harvests, such as tree, rapeseed, and soy, are predicted to be the largest source of legal oil. Rapeseed has the most significant potential for biodiesel production in the United Kingdom. Over time, most biodiesel has been derived from squandered produce oil derived from hotels, chip stores, and modern food producers like Birdseye. Biodiesel is a viable and sometimes fantastic alternative transportation fuel compared to diesel. Biodiesel is an unlimited, perfect-for-consumption diesel replacement that reduces the world's dependency on crude petroleum. It is produced using an alternate combination of feedstocks. Vegetable oil, cooking oil, soy oil, and poultry fats were used in the models. Researches infer that it would promote sustainable rural growth and development while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Warm breaking, synergist breaking, pyrolysis, and transesterification by corrosive/base catalysis are some of the pretreatment procedures proposed to reduce the content of chicken fat oils’ high free unsaturated fat. Compared to other processes, transesterification and catalytic cracking make the most of the free fatty acids in chicken fat oils and obtain biodiesel (Chakraborty, Gupta, and Chowdhury 2014). The chicken skin is used as raw material for this project due to its ease of accessibility and the fact that it is a waste product in the poultry business with its own set of disposal issues.
Investigation of palm-castor oil blends as base stocks of bio-lubricants for industrial applications
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
T. K. K. S. Pathmasiri, G. I. P. Perera, R. Gallage
Table 2 shows the initial chemical analysis of the selected two oils, palm and castor. Palm oil is composed of about 40% saturated fatty acids, 50% monounsaturated fatty acids and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids while palmitic, oleic and linoleic is being the main contributor for each category. Castor oil is composed of about 4% saturated fats, 88% mono-unsaturated fats and 8% polyunsaturated. Ricinoleic acid is the key mono-unsaturated fat element in castor oil. Figure 1 shows the key fatty acids molecular structures of palm and castor oils. Table 3 shows the physio-chemical properties of palm oil, castor oil, palm-castor oil blends and three selected commercially available oils, H68, SAE30 and SAE40.
Ultrasonic assisted extraction of oil from castor seeds: optimization using response surface methodology, extraction kinetics and characterization
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
R. Naveenkumar, Gurunathan Baskar
Ricinus communis (castor) is a critical non-consumable oil crop, considered as an essential industrial raw material. The seeds contain between 40% to 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, which is artificially a glycerol atom with every one of its three hydroxyls group esterified with long-chain unsaturated fat. Unsaturated hydroxylated 12-hydroxy 9-octadecenoic acid, known naturally as Ricinoleic acid which is around 87% in castor seeds (Akpan, Jimoh, and Mohammed 2006). This Ricinoleic acid and its subordinates in castor plant proof the toxicity, high hygroscopicity, high solvency in liquor, and high thickness when contrasted with other consumable vegetable oils (Akpan, Jimoh, and Mohammed 2006). Castor plant is viewed as a vital drought resistant shrub that can develop well in calm and tropical areas of everywhere throughout the world and furthermore accessible easily. India manufactures and exports highest castor oil with around 70% of the aggregate, trailed by China 15%, Brazil 8%, and Thailand 1%. USA, Russia, and Japan are significant importers (FAOSTAT 2008).