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Alternate Feedstocks
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products. They are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes, and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying oils and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators since vegetable oils are bridgeable if spilled and are not toxic to the environment – they also have high flash and fire points. However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to oxygen and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. More important in the present context, vegetable oils are also used as the starting material for biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oils are used in unmodified vehicles but straight vegetable oil – also known as pure plant oil – needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce the viscosity.
Fabrication Processes
Published in Manas Chanda, Plastics Technology Handbook, 2017
Although the term “paint” has been used for latex-based systems as well as many others, traditionally it refers to one of the oldest coating systems known—that of a pigment combined with a drying oil, usually a solvent. Drying oils (e.g., linseed, tung), by virtue of their multiple unsaturation, behave like polyfunctional monomers which can polymerize (“dry”) to produce film by a combination of oxidation and free-radical propagation. Oil-soluble metallic soaps are used to catalyze the oxidation process.
Tabebuia rosea: a prospective non-edible biodiesel feedstock
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Sindhuja Sirigeri, K.T. Vadiraj, S.L. Belagali
The degree of unsaturation in an oil is measured by its iodine value. The level of unsaturation corresponds with the number of double bonds in the oil, reflecting its susceptibility to oxidation, which places it in the non-drying groups [17]. The iodine value of T. rosea seed oil is 50.76. This seed oil could be classified as a non-drying oil, since its iodine value is lower than 100 (g I2/100 g sample). Oils with an iodine value of less than 100 (g I2/100 g sample) can be used extensively as lubricants and hydraulic brake fluids. The iodine value obtained here is comparable to the values in the literature for castor and olive oils, which are also non-drying oils [17]. A good drying oil should have an iodine value of 180, as reported by Abayeh et al. [20].
Cathodic disbonding of self-healing composite coatings: effect of ethyl cellulose micro/nanocapsules
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2021
Sogand Abbaspoor, Ali Ashrafi, Mehdi Salehi
The healing process due to the LO releasing as a drying oil can be attributed to the mechanism of oxidative polymerisation meaning that it can polymerise into a solid film in contact with the air/solution oxygen. This mechanism is schematically illustrated in Figure 5. At first, the hydrogen radical separates due to the effect of heat or light results in the formation of a radical on the activated carbon linked to the fatty acids of LO. As the radical reacts with oxygen in the next stage transforms into peroxide radical, which forms the cross-linked structure due to reacting with a double bond present in a neighbourhood of fatty acid chain of LO. Peroxide radical then forms hydroperoxide by detaching hydrogen to stabilise itself. Hydroperoxide compounds may decompose and form alkoxyl or hydroxyl radicals by the effect of light or heat, following by cross-linking with a neighbouring double bond of another chain of LO. This process is called oxidative polymerisation. The self-healing process of LO involves probable participation of unsaturations present in polyurethane in the vicinity of LO in oxidative polymerisation and therefore leads to healing the defects/cracks [37]. In this case, LO may block the diffusion paths at the interface of the defect/coating by oxidative polymerisation mechanism, inhibiting the diffusion of the aggressive ions through the coating, and mitigating the corrosion progress.
Experimental investigation of compression ratio on performance and emissions characteristics of pumpkin seed oil blends in a diesel engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2019
S. Yuvaraja, G. Mathiselvan, P. Karthikeyan, R. Kumarasubramanian, R. Siva
It is made by pressing roasted hull-less pumpkin seeds from a local variety of pumpkin. The oil appears green in thin layers and red in thick layers; the viscous oil is very light to dark green in colour depending on the thickness of the observed sample. Pumpkin seed oil is basically extracted from raw pumpkins seeds in cold temperature (Gohari Ardabili1, Farhoosh, and Haddad Khodaparast 2011). Mainly the oil originates in Austria. The oil’s botanical name is Cucurbita pepe L. The pumpkin seed is greenish in colour and rich with a mild odour (Procida et al. 2013). It has 1.2 acid values and specific gravity is 4.62. The oil should be placed in dry and cool place because of its delicate nature. This oil is also called as green gold oil. The amount of oil found in pumpkin seed varies from 40 to 60 percentage. Pumpkin seed oil (Schinas et al. 2009) is extracted from Pumpkin. The various methods used are pre-expelling and hexane extraction of press cake. The yellowish drying oil will be obtained from dried ripe seeds of linseed plant, through pressing extraction. The fruit pulps were broken and seeds removed and the seeds were cleaned by washing first with distilled water and then with normal saline (0.9%w/v NaCl solution), to clean up and remove possible mycotoxins. This was followed by the dehulling of the wet seeds with knife after which the dehulled seeds were dried in an oven at 40°C approximately for 72 h. The seeds were broken into smaller bits, ground with warring blender into coarse particle and ready for oil extraction (Mathiselvan and Senthilkumar Venkatesan 2015).