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Environmental Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Bioethanol is produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes through the fermentation of sugars or starches (which is easier), or cellulose (which is more difficult). Biobutanol (also called biogasoline) is often claimed to provide a direct replacement for gasoline because it can be used directly in a gasoline engine (in a similar way to biodiesel in diesel engines). Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Alcohol fuels are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses, and any sugar or starch that alcoholic beverages can be made from, like potato and fruit waste. The ethanol production methods used are enzyme digestion (to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars, distillation, and drying. The distillation process requires significant energy input for heat (often unsustainable natural gas fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as bagasse, the waste left after sugar cane is pressed to extract its juice, can also be used and is more sustainable). Ethanol can be used in petrol engines as a replacement for gasoline. It can be mixed with gasoline to any percentage. Most existing automobile petrol engines can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with petroleum/gasoline. Gasoline with ethanol added has higher octane, which means that an engine can typically burn hotter and more efficiently. In high-altitude (thin air) locations, some states mandate a mix of gasoline and ethanol as a winter oxidizer to reduce atmospheric pollution emissions.
Environmental biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Firdos Alam Khan, Firdos Alam Khan
Bioalcohols are produced by the action of micro-organisms and enzymes through the fermentation of sugars or starches (which is easier), or cellulose (which is more difficult). Biobutanol (also called biogasoline) is often claimed to provide a direct replacement for gasoline, because it can be used directly in a gasoline engine (in a similar way to biodiesel in diesel engines). Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel worldwide, particularly in Brazil. Alcohol fuels are produced by fermentation of sugars derived from wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, molasses, and any sugar or starch that alcoholic beverages can be made from, such as potato and fruit waste. The ethanol production methods used are enzyme digestion (to release sugars from stored starches), fermentation of the sugars, distillation, and drying. The distillation process requires significant energy input for heat (often, unsustainable natural gas fossil fuel, but cellulosic biomass such as bagasse; the waste left after sugar cane is pressed to extract its juice can also be used and is more sustainable). Ethanol can be used in petrol engines as a replacement for gasoline. It can be mixed with gasoline to any percentage. Most existing automobile petrol engines can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with petroleum/gasoline. Gasoline with ethanol added has higher octane, which means that an engine can typically burn hotter and more efficiently. In high-altitude (thin air) locations, some states mandate a mix of gasoline and ethanol as a winter oxidizer to reduce atmospheric pollution emissions.
Catalytic cracking of off grade crude palm oil to biogasoline using Co-Mo/α-Fe2O3 catalyst
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Aman Santoso, Asri Mulyaningsih, Sumari Sumari, Rini Retnosari, Adilah Aliyatulmuna, Indah Nur Pramesti, Muhammad Roy Asrori
Fossil fuel, Gasoline, caused environmental pollution, global warming, and energy security concerns globally (Naji, Tye, and Abd 2021). For sustainable development goals 2030, the renewable biogasoline is an alternative resources to support the energy demand, minimize the environmental impact, and reduce the fossil fuel consumption (Shamsul, Kamarudin, and Rahman 2017). Biogasoline can be synthesized via cracking reaction, especially cracking of vegetable oil. Several vegetable oils that can be used as raw materials for biogasoline such as castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, and palm oil (Gueudré et al. 2017). Many palm oil industries produced waste of crude palm oil (CPO) as known as Off Grade CPO (Sumari, Santoso, and Asrori 2021). Off Grade CPO is low quality palm oil with abnormal size and below standard of SNI 7182:2015 (Santoso et al. 2021). The availability of Off Grade CPO is abundant in Indonesia (Sumari, Asrori, and Roy Asrori 2022), which is around 7–10% of the processing capacity of a CPO industry. Therefore, Off Grade CPO is widely used as a potential raw material for biogasoline production (Helwani et al. 2021).
Hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into biogasoline in the presence of a bi-functional Ni-Mo/alumina catalyst
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Madinoge Bridgiliah Mampuru, Diakanua Bavon Nkazi, Hembe Elie Mukaya
This paper discusses the feasibility of producing biogasoline as an alternative liquid fuel from waste cooking oil as feedstock. The production process follows conventional petroleum refining techniques. The feedstock was hydrocracked in the presence of a bi-functional Ni-Mo/alumina catalyst. A number of studies have shown the possibility of producing biogasoline from different feedstocks. Samolada, Baldauf, and Vasalos (1998) studied the production of biogasoline using biomass flash pyrolysis liquids (BFPLs) as feedstock. The biogasoline from this study possesses qualities that met the European Union (EU) standards. The liquid fuel product achieved a research octane number (RON) of 96. Plant-derived, dehydrated ethanol was used as a feedstock to produce biogasoline. This study conducted by Tsuchida et al. (2008) produced biogasoline with a RON of 99. After characterization, the carbon number range fraction of C6-C10 was predominant. Using palm oil as feedstock, Nasikin et al. (2009) conducted simultaneously cracking and hydrogenating reactions to produce biogasoline. The reactions took place in the presence of a Ni-Mo/zeolite catalyst. To assess the success of the reactions, the density and boiling point of the palm oil before and after the reactions was compared. The study realized a decrease in both the density and boiling point of the oil. The biogasoline from this study was dominated by a carbon number range fraction of C8-C15. Doronin et al. (2012) cracked vegetable oils over bi-zeolite catalysts. The outcome of the study was a liquid product with gasoline and light olefins range. The highest yield of the products was achieved by cracking on H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. The authors recommended that the yield of biogasoline depends on the composition of the feedstock oils. For an optimum benefit, saturated fatty acid oils should be used.