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Soil remineralizer
Published in Natalia Yakovleva, Edmund Nickless, Routledge Handbook of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development, 2022
Suzi Huff Theodoro, David A. C. Manning, André Mundstock Xavier de Carvalho, Fabiane Rodrigues Ferrão, Gustavo Rosa de Almeida
Basalts are basic rocks rich in Ca, Mg, as well as iron (Fe). Lefebvre et al. (2019) determined the balance of CO2 emissions involved in the use of ground basaltic rocks and their relative contribution to soil carbonation and enhanced weathering, and the potential carbon dioxide removal for São Paulo agricultural areas through the enhanced weathering of this material. They observed a positive soil and crop response to basalt addition, which could increase the CO2 sequestration potential of the practice. However, the authors alert that the distance between mine sources and agricultural areas might be a relevant factor in this equation. Their carbon life cycle analysis showed that a typical basalt could be transported for 500–1,000 km before the total carbon cost of every step in production, transport and application to land exceeded the carbon benefits of using this material to sequester atmospheric CO2.
Petroleum Geological Survey
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The uplifting (upwelling) magma from the mantle (asthenosphere) pushes the mid-ocean crust. The ocean crust is pushed upward. The upward thrust is most effective and active beneath the ocean crust where two divergent tectonic plates meet. The joints between rocks are favorable spots for any change or modification or alteration. The upward thrust brings about many changes. First the formation of a ridge/hill at the ocean crust takes place. Simultaneously in the area, trenches also appear, separating the ridge into two hillocks. In this way a series of ridges is formed in the area. With the further thrust of incoming molten magma from the mantle, the ridges rises and the trench widens, and at certain stage of pressure the magma erupts out from the crest of the ridge or mouth of the trench. The erupted magma (lava) spreads out on all sides of the ridge. On cooling and re-crystallization, the lava is solidified as basalt rock. The formation of basalt rock is the beginning of the formation of new crust. The eruption and spreading of lava/basalt by additional upwelling magma continue to add to the formation of the new crust. A similar situation is witnessed in volcano eruption. From the mouth (crest) of the volcano, the lava continues to spread all around during the eruption period with the formation of mid-ocean ridges, trenches and new crust.
Minerals, rocks, discontinuities and rock mass
Published in Ömer Aydan, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2019
Basalt is the extrusive equivalent to gabbro and is made up of feldspars and other minerals common in planetary crusts. It constitutes the ocean crust of the Earth. It is usually fine-grained due to the rapid cooling of lava on the Earth’s surface. Unweathered basalt is black or gray. It has been identified as a major surface rock on the dark lunar planes and much of Mars, Venus and the asteroid Vesta.
Influence of TiO2 nanoparticle modification on the mechanical properties of basalt-reinforced epoxy composites
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Tejas Iyer, Suhas Yeshwant Nayak, Anupama Hiremath, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, J P Jaideep
Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites are the step towards sustainable composite materials, and when paired with biopolymers can be completely biodegradable as well (Rastogi et al., 2020; Verma & Singh, 2018; Weyhrich et al., 2023; Yadav & Singh, 2022). They may be derived from plant-based sources, like jute, hemp, flax, cotton, etc., animal remains, like wool, bone, and silk, or from mineral sources, like basalt, asbestos, and ceramics (Gholampour & Ozbakkaloglu, 2020). Basalt is an igneous rock that possesses comparable properties to synthetic reinforcement materials, while being natural and more eco-friendly (Afolabi et al., 2020; F. Wang et al., 2023). Basalt fibres are manufactured from the Junker’s process (Tamás-Bényei & Sántha, 2023) and are easily available, with applications in construction, automobile brakes, housing insulation, and the petrochemical industry (Chowdhury et al., 2022). Basalt fibres have better thermal properties than glass fibre (Xing et al., 2023) comparable strength characteristics to E-glass, and a higher chemical resistance than most synthetic fibres (Rova et al., 2023). Also there are published research that indicate that basalt fibers have good wettability with the various polymer resins and their inclusion in the polymer composite result in the improvement in the mechanical properties of the composite (Jain et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2019).
Mid-Devonian basaltic magmatism and associated sedimentation: the Ooloo Hill Formation, central-eastern South Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023
C. Wade, A. J. Reid, E. A. Jagodzinski, M. J. Sheard
Basaltic volcanic rocks are dark grey to black and dark greenish grey vesicular to massive lavas with autobreccia basal zones and some remnant autobreccia tops separated by clastic sedimentary rocks (Figure 4c–h). Basalt lavas are fine-grained with sparse phenocrysts and abundant vesicles near flow tops and flow-oriented albitised plagioclase laths. Alteration is present including chlorite and epidote replacement of glass, sericite alteration of plagioclase and alteration of primary titanite to leucoxene and altered olivine phenocrysts (Figure 5e). Vesicles are typically infilled by secondary calcite but have thin relict rims (originally glassy) composed of secondary chlorite and epidote or clay replacements. Interleaved with these rocks are polymict conglomerates containing well-rounded to subangular lithic clasts (mostly weathered basalt, Figure 4c). In addition, there are thin laminar dark-hued fine-grained sedimentary intervals and tuff beds interbedded with some of the basalts. Two sub-centimetre-thick bands of phosphatic to calcareous shells and shell hash of mostly bivalve molluscs (Figure 4d) also occur within one flow.
Fabrication and testing of hybrid fibre reinforced composite: a comprehensive review
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
Kapil K. Sharma, Jitendra Kushwaha, Kapil Kumar, Harshit Singh, Yogesh Shrivastava
Basalt is an inert, natural volcanic rock that approximately occupies up to 33% of the earth’s crust. Basalt consist of iron, magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, alumina and oxides of silicon. Table 4 shows the percentage distribution of the chemical composition of basalt (Prasad and Talupula 2018). Basalt-based materials are environmentally friendly. Basalt fibre turns out to be a good alternative for other fibre like glass or carbon-reinforced polymer when moderate structural strength and fire resistance are required, e.g. for building structures. Basalt fibres can be considered as a possible alternative of the glass fibres in marine applications for manufacturing the boat. However, glass fibres have better flexural strength in comparison to basalt fibres. Hybridisation of basalt and glass results in better fibre composite because it retains the advantages of both the individual fibres. On hybridisation, the hybrid composite has higher flexural strength than basalt composite. The hybrid composite is a better alternative for basalt as well as glass fibre because its flexural strength is greater than basalt and also it has higher impact and tensile strength than glass fibre. So, fabricated hybrid composite is better than conventional composite and can be used for application where impact and tensile strength required more than glass and flexural strength required more than basalt.