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The Manufacturing of Magnesium Degradable Biomedical Implants
Published in Savaş Kaya, Sasikumar Yesudass, Srinivasan Arthanari, Sivakumar Bose, Goncagül Serdaroğlu, Materials Development and Processing for Biomedical Applications, 2022
Lifei Wang, Pengbin Lu, Qiang Zhang, Liangliang Xue, Xiaohuan Pan, Hua Chai, Srinivasan Arthanari, Maurizio Vedani
Fang et al.[49] developed a multi-pass cold drawing process with moving mandrel and the attempts on ZM21 Mg alloy were conducted. The raw ZM21 tubes were cast and extruded (indirect extrusion) to solid billets. Then the thin-wall tube with outside diameter and thickness of 3.13 mm and 0.315 mm, respectively, was obtained. After cold drawing for 5 passes and annealing between each pass on extruded ZM21 tube, a mini-tube with an outer diameter of 2.9 mm and thickness of 0.217 mm was successfully achieved. The cross-section area reduction for each pass was less than 15%. The drawing speed used was 6 mm/min and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was applied as a lubricant. Figure 6.2(b) shows the schematic diagram of the tube drawing dies in operation and more details about the die as well as the mandrel.
Commercial Developments
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
In the drawing of wire, the products which were used for many years were based on soaps and fats. Clearly these are now being replaced by more modern and environmentally acceptable products. It has been reported that some 2500 ton of polyglycols are being sold into the wire drawing sector in Europe, and this usage for PAGs has also been confirmed in the United States. Ineos also advise that polybutenes are being used in stainless steel wire drawing and also in copper tube drawing. On the other hand, in the production of shaped aluminum extrusions, such as for window frames or patio doors, it appears that water-graphite mixtures are still the norm. These are swabbed onto the ram area of the extruder, and not used as a die lubricant.
Aluminum-Manufacturing Methods
Published in Raghu Echempati, Primer on Automotive Lightweighting Technologies, 2021
Another bulk deformation process similar to extrusion is called drawing. Drawing is a metalworking process which uses tensile forces to stretch metal. As the metal is drawn (or pulled), its cross section becomes thinner into the desired shape and thickness. Drawing is classified into the following types: Sheet metal drawingWire drawingBar drawingTube drawing
Past, present, and the future of the research and commercialization of CVD diamond in China
Published in Functional Diamond, 2022
However, it is different in the case of the small to medium diameter (0.8-35mm) metal wire and tube drawing dies, where the thin diamond film coated cemented tungsten carbide dies are more advantageous than the single crystal diamond (in the low bound), or the polycrystalline diamond composite (for larger diameters). At present, diamond thin film coated small to medium diameter metal wire and tube drawing dies are in the market. Special type of Hot Filament CVD reactors suitable for coating thin diamond film coatings onto the interior surface of the small to medium diameter cemented tungsten carbide dies in the industrial scale has been developed by the Shanghai Jiaoyou Diamond Coating Co. Ltd. [22,23], which are now widely used for the copper tube drawing with much better efficiency (with a tool life about 7-13 times longer than that of the cemented tungsten carbide dies) and better surface finishing (see Figure 4). Besides, similar Hot Filament type coaters are also used for drawing the high strength steel wires and tubes [24]. It must be pointed out that, although there were a few reports on diamond thin film coatings in the interior [25] or in the upper part [26] of the cemented tungsten carbide dies in the literature quite a long time ago in abroad, there is no information available in concerning the industrial applications of the thin diamond film coated metal wire and tube drawing cemented tungsten carbide dies.
CVD diamond coated drawing dies: a review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Qiang Lin, Sulin Chen, Bin Shen, Fanghong Sun
For regular geometrical parameters, Béland et al.[67] optimized the conical semi-angle and the transient radius between the bearing zone and the conical zone in pipe drawing. They obtained an optimum semi-angle of about 10° with the lowest drawing force (Fig. 12(a)), and found that the axial drawing stress increases with the transient radius. The force–angle relationship for pipe drawing is shown in Fig. 12(a), which demonstrates a trend similar to that of wire drawing (Fig. 11). Besides, they also reported a critical semi-angle of 9°, over which the equivalent plastic strain of the drawn tube would be stable as the semi-angle increases (Fig. 12(b)). On the other hand, Swiatkowski et al.[68] conducted an optimization with respect to floating-plug tube drawing. They found that for a shorter length of the bearing zone, a larger deviation of the conical angle between the drawing die and the plug is required in order to satisfy the condition of a stable drawing process.
Heat treatment effects on tribological characteristics for AISI A8 tool steel and development of wear mechanism maps using K means clustering and neural networks
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2018
Nandakumar Pillai, Ram Karthikeyan, J. Paulo Davim
The heat treatment plays an important role in obtaining adequate tribological and mechanical properties for cold working tool steels. All cold working tools are to be hardened before industrial applications and exhibit excellent after treatment properties. The heat treatment condition for a high chromium tool steel is varied and its effect on tribological behaviour has been studied using wear mechanism maps and SEM photographs. Viking steel classified under AISI A8 series cold working tool steel is a special purpose cold working tool steel from the house of UDDELHOM, and is specially developed for heavy duty blanking and forming operations. Blanking tools should have adequate toughness to avoid the chipping of edges especially while cutting thick stocks and should have good wear resistance for a longer tool life to ensure a profitable production run. Viking is a versatile, high alloyed tool steel characterised by the right combination of toughness and wear resistance required for heavy duty blanking and forming. Other applications include shear blades, fine blanking tools, deep drawing tools, tube drawing tools, cold forgings and swaging dies [1]. Punches and dies should be able to withstand compressive and tensile loads and hence they demand good toughness [2]. Optimisation of mechanical properties for a tool steel is related to toughness to avoid chipping of edges and wear resistance to for economical tool life. To obtain a resultant product with these characteristics is a real challenge of the tooling industry.