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Industrial Applications of Coal Combustion
Published in A. Williams, M. Pourkashanian, J. M. Jones, N. Skorupska, Combustion and Gasification of Coal, 2018
A. Williams, M. Pourkashanian, J. M. Jones, N. Skorupska
The Industrial Revolution in the mid-nineteenth century was based on coal combustion, and the use of fixed-grate combustion was central to the technology. The major part of the coal used was for raising steam in boilers or for heating metal (and of course, for making iron and steel in the blast furnace, which is not described here). The advent of oil and gas confined coal applications mainly to steam-raising using fixed or moving grates of one type or another. Steam boilers (or more correctly, steam generators) consist of two main classes known as shell-type boilers or water-tube boilers, briefly outlined in the following section. They have been widely used for fixed-grate firing in the past and indeed in some countries now; they can be used with other forms of firing.
Maintenance
Published in Carl Bozzuto, Boiler Operator's Handbook, 2021
Predictive maintenance consists of monitoring, examinations, and testing to reveal problems that will, if allowed to continue, result in failure. Annual inspections of steam boilers and less frequent inspections of other pieces of equipment are conducted to detect formation of scale, corrosion, vibration, wear, cracks, overheating, and other problems that can be corrected to prevent eventual failure. The gas turbine and steam turbine manufacturers have taken advantage of the drop in cost of sensors and software and offer maintenance contracts that require these monitoring systems to send data back to the manufacturer. This is one use of data analytics to evaluate trends and provide warnings of incipient failure. They practice both preventive and predictive maintenances. The PM comes from experience with a particular model machine. This practice is a carryover from the airline industry. The hours of operation are monitored and tracked. At specific intervals, key parts are replaced. Inspections are dictated by the hours of operation (adjusted upward for stressful events). That is why the chance of a crash on a commercial jet liner is on the order of one in ten million. As the boiler itself has no moving parts, this advanced approach to maintenance has been slow to advance. Corrosion is usually localized. The inside of the boiler tubing is not visible. Thus, if oxygen pitting were to start on the inside of a tube, there is no good way to detect it in operation until the tiny hole comes through the wall. The hole may be 1/10th of an inch in diameter and there are miles of tubing in a reasonably sized boiler. Nevertheless, there are still good applications for data analytics in the plant. There are software programs that can review the historical data and provide insight into operating variables that impact efficiency and emissions.
What are mechanical systems?
Published in Samuel L. Hurt, Building Systems in Interior Design, 2017
There are two basic types of steam boiler: fire-tube and water-tube. In a fire-tube boiler, the heat of the burning fuel is directed through tubes that are submerged in water and out through a stack, or chimney. Fire-tube boilers (like old locomotives) do not produce high pressure steam but they can produce a lot of steam. Water-tube boilers have tubes full of flowing water surrounding the fire and are more suitable for higher pressure.
Energy efficiency in steam using industries in Greece
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2020
Ifigenia Farrou, Andreas Androutsopoulos, Aristotelis Botzios-Valaskakis, Georges Goumas, Charilaos Andreosatos, Loukas Gavriil, Christoforos Perakis
Steam is used by many industries as a heat transfer medium for industrial end-use processes that require heat. The steam cycle consists of the following steps (ten Donkelaar and Gerykova 2016): Steam Generation – whereby steam is usually generated (either in a steam boiler or steam generator or heat recovery generator).Steam Distribution – whereby generated steam is distributed to the to the industrial processes which require heat.Steam End use – whereby the steam is used in the industrial processes which require heat.Steam Condensate return – whereby the steam condensate resulting from the steam end-use returns to the steam generation.