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Physical and Biological Treatment
Published in Shishir Sinha, G. L. Devnani, Natural Fiber Composites, 2022
G. L. Devnani, Himani Agrawal, Deepak Singh, Suresh Kumar Patel
Sonication is basically applying the energy of sound to create agitation in particles present in the sample for different purposes, like in the extraction process of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae, and seaweeds. The frequencies used are in the range of the ultrasonic zone that is greater than 20 kHz and the process is commonly called ultrasonication. Although ultrasonication is not a very popular surface treatment method for natural fibers yet, it is an efficient method for the removal of different substances and impurities without using any kind of chemicals or surfactants from the fiber surface. It is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency range from 10–400 nm. From the last decade, the ultrasonic method has been applied in many industries (Czaplicki & Ruszkowski, 2014). Renouard and his group showed that ultrasonic treatment can be an efficient method to improve lignocellulosic material composition. They took coir, hemp, and short flax fibers for their experimental work. After 1 day, they analyzed the optimal degradation and concluded with these findings that ultrasonication of these natural fibers only removed hemicelluloses present in the fibers (Renouard et al., 2014).
Applications of Nanoparticles in Adhesives
Published in A. Pizzi, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2017
Different factors are associated with an efficient sonication process, including the power, time, and cycles of sonication. Montazeri and Chitsazzadeh [49] and Suave et al. [50] investigated the effect of these factors on the dispersion and structural damages of CNTs. They showed that exposure of the mixture to a little amount of ultrasonic energy would lead to residual agglomerates in the system, while overusing sonication could cause severe damage to NPs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs shown in Figure 4.3, taken from the nanocomposites manufactured utilizing different time intervals of the sonication process, illustrate these phenomena. It can be seen that after 15 min of sonication (Figure 4.3a), there are still large agglomerates in the system [52]. After 45 min, the desired state of dispersion is obtained and the structural integrity of NPs is also maintained. However, after 135 min of sonication, NPs are severely damaged (i.e., broken into small pieces); as a result, they would not deliver any positive attributes to the host matrix.
Liposomal Drug Delivery System and Its Clinically Available Products
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Upendra Bulbake, Nagavendra Kommineni, Wahid Khan
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) are smaller in size (generally less than 0.1 μm) in comparison to MLV and LUV, and have a single lipid bilayer. They have a low entrapped aqueous volume to lipid ratio and possess long circulation half-life. SUVs can be formulated by using solvent injection method (ether or ethanol injection methods) [18] or otherwise by reducing the size of MLV or LUV using extrusion or sonication process under an inert environment like nitrogen or Argon. The sonication can be done by using either a probe- or a bath-type sonicator. SUV can also be formed by passing MLV through a narrow opening under high pressure. SUVs are prone to aggregation and fusion if their surface charge is lower or negligible [19].
A review: carbon nanotubes composite to enhance thermal & electrical properties for the space applications
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
Dhaval A. Vartak, Yogesh Ghotekar, Pina M. Bhatt, Bharat Makwana, HN Shah, JA Vadher
The CNTs agitation in polymer matrix is carried out by ultrasound energy called ultra sonication process. The frequency more than 20 Khz is used by ultrasonic probe or bath. The dispersion of CNTs in a small volume and less viscous form of solution can be possible by this process. This ultrasonic probe produces high impact energy with a low amount of the shear forces, which may not be sufficient to proper dispersion. Researcher uses combine process mixing and sonication to ensure all the polymer passes through this volume. There are two types of sonication methods. 1) Mild sonication 2) High power sonication. High power sonication may damage the length of a nanotube, which can directly affect the composite properties (Bal and Samal 2007; Ciecierska et al. 2014; Koul et al. 2011).
Effect of carbon nanotube material in diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Velumani Veerabadran, Manieniyan Veerasigamani, Sivaprakasam Shanmugam
The Ultrasonic Cleaner apparatus is shown in Figure 2. For the blending of MWCNT with biodiesel, preparation is done by ultrasonication method. Ultrasound is a wavering sound which wave with the recurrence that is more prominent thanreache of human hearing extent. Sonication is a process to disquiet particles in solution by use of a sound wave. This process is used, for suspension of a solid into a liquid and also to extract the liquefied gas in solution. The frequency of sound waves used in the ultrasonication process varies from 20,000 cycles per second. Take a sample of B20TCSAO biodiesel and then 40 ppm of MWCNT. The prepared fuel blend was kept for a week’s time as a retention period and no phase separation was noticed. The physical and chemical properties were analyzed at Wearcheck India Limited Laboratory in Chennai. The fuel properties are listed in Table 1.
Synthesis, heat transfer properties and stability of nanofluids for commercialization: a review
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Sumbul Purree, Muhammad Nadeem, Azeem Shahzad, Hafiz Muhammad Ali
Ultrasonic agitation is a physical vibration method in which ultrasound waves pass through the sample which estrangements the clusters of sedimented nanoparticles by severing the attractive forces among them. In this way, ultrasound waves effect the viscosity and stability of the sample (Li et al. 2019). Two types of ultrasonication devices are in practice for sonication; (1) the probe type sonicator and (2) the bath type ultrasonicator (Ali et al. 2018). Prob type sonicator gives good dispersion, minimized effective radius and is time efficient but it causes contamination due to corrosion which affects the properties of sample disturbing its dispersion stability (Siddiqui et al. 2019).