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Stratification and Heat Transfer in Lakes and Reservoirs
Published in James L. Martin, Steven C. McCutcheon, Robert W. Schottman, Hydrodynamics and Transport for Water Quality Modeling, 2018
James L. Martin, Steven C. McCutcheon, Robert W. Schottman
Short-wave radiation can be measured directly, using relatively inexpensive radiometers. Where this is not practical, short-wave radiation can be very reliably estimated from the radiation striking the earth’s atmosphere and the atmospheric conditions that affect its reflection and absorption. The atmospheric conditions affecting the absorption of shortwave radiation are complex processes that are described with empirical relationships. However, these empirical relationships are widely used and have resulted in reasonably accurate temperature predictions.
Water Requirement of Crops
Published in Balram Panigrahi, Megh R. Goyal, Modeling Methods and Practices in Soil and Water Engineering, 2017
A. Dalei, C. R. Subudhi, B. Panigrahi
The amount of radiation reaching a horizontal plane is known as the solar radiation, Rs. Because the sun emits energy by means of electromagnetic waves characterized by short wavelengths, solar radiation is also referred to as shortwave radiation. For a cloudless day, Rs is roughly 75% of extraterrestrial radiation. On a cloudy day, the radiation is scattered in the atmosphere, but even with extremely dense cloud cover, about 25% of the extraterrestrial radiation may still reach the earth’s surface mainly as diffuse sky radiation.
Building thermal load calculations
Published in Paul Tymkow, Savvas Tassou, Maria Kolokotroni, Hussam Jouhara, Building Services Design for Energy-Efficient Buildings, 2020
Paul Tymkow, Savvas Tassou, Maria Kolokotroni, Hussam Jouhara
This radiant component of the heat gain takes two forms, namely short- and long-wave radiation. Short-wave radiation is due to solar irradiation and part of the electric light spectrum, and long-wave radiation results from the remainder of the electric light spectrum, people and warm objects such as electrical equipment.
Forward a spatio-temporal trend surface for long-term ground-measured albedo upscaling over heterogeneous land surface
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2018
Xiaodan Wu, Jianguang Wen, Qing Xiao, Dongqin You, Qiang Liu, Xingwen Lin
Each node was instrumented with Kipp and Zonen radiometers measured the total downward and upward shortwave radiation. Details of the performance of the radiometers and inter-comparisons of radiometers can be found in (Xu et al. 2013). Both radiometers were mounted 3 m above the canopy and have a footprint of approximately 26 m in diameter (Sailor, Resh, and Segura 2006). These radiometers take radiation measurements at 10-min intervals. As the satellite products provide local solar noon albedo values, the average downward and upward radiation values around local solar noon under clear-sky conditions were extracted to generate ground-based albedo on a daily basis. The surface albedo over the study area is highly spatially variable both intra-type and inter-types. Different surface types show albedo values with differences of approximately 40% (Figure 2(a)). Even for the cornfields, albedo values from the different regions display approximately 20% differences, owing to differences in growth status and field management (irrigation, fertilization, etc.) (Figure 2(b)).