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Chassis Systems
Published in Dorin O. Neacşu, Automotive Power Systems, 2020
The conventional solution calls for a vacuum booster to increase the power applied to the disk brakes following pedal action. Until recently, the majority of vehicle’s brake boosters used the vacuum generated from the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine. As explained for the cruise control system, a manifold vacuum, or engine vacuum in an internal combustion engine, is the difference in air pressure between the engine’s intake manifold and the Earth’s atmosphere caused by the piston’s movement on the induction stroke and the choked flow through a throttle in the intake manifold of an engine. The manifold vacuum is used as an auxiliary power source to drive accessories, like the disk brake.
Study on performance enhancement and emission reduction of used carburetor motorcycles fueled by flex-fuel gasoline-ethanol blends
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2020
Thanh Dinh, Khanh Nguyen, Tuan Pham, Vinh Nguyen
The experimental research has been carried out on three currently used carburetor motorcycles, popularly used in Vietnam. The three selected motorcycles have various displacement ranges from 100 to 125 cm3, which is common for old generation carburetor motorcycles. The properties of the motorcycles are listed in Table 1. Following the specifications of the selected motorcycles, the extra fuel system including fuel pump, fuel injector, and the electric controller module has been built for experimental tests. As described, the MAP sensor has been used for the determination of intake manifold vacuum pressure, which corresponds to throttle position or flow rate of intake mixture. The ignition signal of the original engine, generated from pick up coil, is the essential signal. This signal is sent to the electric controller module for measuring rotational speed and used as a trigger pulse for controlling the extra injector. The fuels applied in this experiment include E0 (pure gasoline), E25, E50, E75, and E100 (pure ethanol). The properties of test fuels are listed in Table 2 and the newly designed flex-fuel gasoline-ethanol system is described in Figure 3.
Current developments in the production of fungal biological control agents by solid-state fermentation using organic solid waste
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019
Arnau Sala, Raquel Barrena, Adriana Artola, Antoni Sánchez
Moslim et al. (2005) reported wet harvesting methods in their mass-scale M. anisopliae production. First, pure spores were harvested using a Tween 80 solution to detach them from maize and poured into a spore separation device from which they were collected with manifold vacuum filtration equipment. After that, wet spores were dried in an air chamber and ground using a grinding machine. The same study demonstrated that spore drying time was critical to achieve good germination in the final product and approached optimal final product moisture values between 40 and 60%. However, Mar and Lumyong (2012) and Jenkins et al. (1998) pointed out that maximal spore stability requires drying the product to a lower moisture content (4–5%).
Assessment of performance and emission characteristics of an off-highway vehicle engine fuelled with renewable fuel blends
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Abhinav Kumar, Utkarsh Chaudhary, Amit Kumar Dinday, C. G. Mohan, R. Prakash, L. Saravanakumar, S. Prabhakar
While in Figure 15, a decreasing trend of the SFC with an increase in BP was noticed. However, the difference in the values of diesel and all other blends of biodiesel is almost negligible mainly due to the usage of EGR in the diesel engine. The decreasing trend is because of a similar reason. The usage of EGR is effective at decreasing fuel consumption because of its effect on reducing manifold vacuum. This leads to lesser values of SFCs with negligible difference in the values of diesel and the three mixtures of the biofuel used.