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Passive and Low Energy Buildings
Published in Amritanshu Shukla, Atul Sharma, Sustainability through Energy-Efficient Buildings, 2018
The presence of glass surfaces and the insulating capacity of the outer cladding are the main reasons for heat loss and gain within the building envelope. Thermal insulation in buildings facilitates the thermal comfort for occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain through conduction, convection, and radiation. The suitable use of insulation can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems, thus downsizes the requirement for HVAC system during design stage [2]. The current product range on insulation varies among paints, coatings, thin films, or rigid panels. Some of these conventional insulation materials include mineral fiber blankets or loose fill (fiberglass and rock wool), rigid boards or sprayed in place insulation (polyurethane and extruded polystyrene), and reflective materials (aluminum foil, ceramic coatings). The selection of suitable thermal insulation material depends on the thermal conductivity and the thermal inertia. The increase in temperature and the moisture content can have detrimental effects on the performance of thermal insulation. Flame retardancy is also another factor in selecting insulation type. The flammability behavior of the insulation materials is investigated based on test parameters like heat release rate (HRR), ignition time, peak heat release rate (PHRR), and smoke and carbon monoxide yield.
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Published in Pablo La Roche, Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design, 2017
When there is a significant temperature difference between the indoor and the outdoor of the building (at least above 4°C), it is recommended to begin reducing heat flow by conduction. In naturally ventilated buildings, this difference can be the result of daily temperature swings, variations in ventilation flow, or the incidence of diffuse or direct radiation. Insulation is more important in buildings with mechanical heating or cooling, where indoor temperatures are farther away from outdoor temperatures, usually above 6°C in air-conditioned buildings and 10°C in heated buildings and where surface temperature is significantly affected by solar radiation. In these cases, insulation is important to reduce heat gains or losses, which would increase the load on the mechanical cooling equipment.
Motor Protection
Published in Donald Reimert, Protective Relaying for Power Generation Systems, 2017
Insulation is the component defining rated motor output. There are several classifications of electrical insulation; each class has a specific maximum continuous operating temperature assigned to it. These maximum temperatures are chosen to provide a long service life. Insulation technology is not an exact science and specific life expectancies are not included with the insulation temperature rating, but a 15 to 20 year life is generally assumed. For temperatures around the rated temperature, a generally accepted rule of thumb is that insulation life is halved for every 10°C rise in operating temperature and doubled for every 10°C reduction in temperature.
A Cable Condition Monitoring Strategy for Safe and Reliable Plant Operation
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2023
C. Sexton, T. Toll, B. McConkey, G. Harmon
As shown in Fig. 7, application of the Arrhenius equation to EAB results involves shifting the data acquired during accelerated aging to in-service environmental temperatures. The application of the Arrhenius method to EAB for RUL estimates is possible due to the time-temperature superposition principle of polymer properties, which allows the normalization of mechanical CM data acquired under accelerated aging conditions to in-service environmental temperatures. In this example, the insulation polymer was subjected to thermal-accelerated aging at 120°C (250°F) and EAB data (blue trace) were periodically acquired during the aging process. When exposed to this accelerated-aging temperature, this polymer reached the 50% EAB end-of-life condition in less than 1 year. These data were normalized to a service temperature of 65°C (150°F) (orange trace), which is high for most plant environments but may be present in locations like the steam tunnel in a BWR. These results show that this insulation material will not reach the end-of-life condition for more than 40 years at this operating temperature.
The economic and environmental combination between building materials and fuel source to improve building energy performance
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Rakshit Doddegowdankoppal Muddu, Fohagui Fodoup Cyrille Vincelas, Tchuen Ghislain, Aimee Byrne, Tchitnga Robert, Anthony James Robinson
One of the main determining factors influencing the performance of a building is the thermal behaviour of the building envelope. External wall insulation has been found to be one of the most cost-effective options for achieving low energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (Nematchoua et al. 2017; Piotrowski et al. 2014; Dylewski and Adamczyk 2011). The selection of suitable insulation material depends on both its cost and thermal characteristics. In particular, the performance of the insulation material depends on its thermal resistance which is a function of its thickness. Therefore, the procedural study of finding the insulation thickness, for a given thermal conductivity of the material, which requires minimum upfront cost and results in maximum long-term heat and energy savings throughout its service period is typically referred to as ‘optimisation of insulation’ or ‘optimisation of insulation thickness’ (Ozel 2014; Mishra, Usmani, and Varshney 2012). The concept of optimisation in systems was used by many authors including thermodynamic optimisation (Kohole and Tchuen 2017; Sadatsakkak et al. 2015) and thermo-economic optimisation (Ahmadi et al. 2013a, 2013b, 2015; Fohagui and Ghislain 2017).
Impact of climate change on sectoral electricity demand in Turkey
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2021
Denizhan Guven, M. Ozgur Kayalica, Gulgun Kayakutlu, Erkan Isikli
Unlike Halicioglu (2007), we find that the urbanization rate has a very small positive influence, with the value of −0.012, on residential electricity demand in the long run. The negative relationship between urbanization rate and residential electricity demand can be accounted for in three ways. First, urbanized areas have more developed control mechanisms to prevent the illegal use of electricity. In the eastern part of Turkey – where the urbanization rate is relatively low – there is massive illegal electricity usage. For instance, comparing the eastern Anatolia region to the Marmara region, the urbanization rates are 77% and 98%, respectively, while the illegal electricity usage rates are on average 38.4% and 5.7%, respectively (EMRA 2018; TurkStat 2018b). Control mechanisms impel citizens to pay their electricity bills instead of using illegal electricity, thus reducing energy use. Second, urbanization enhances opportunities and increases education level. Better education, and the increased awareness it brings, encourages people to become more conscious about energy efficiency. An energy-conscious society reduces its electricity consumption by purchasing more efficient household equipment (such as A+++ refrigerators and washing machines). Finally, the share of buildings with proper insulation is much higher in urbanized areas than in rural areas. Insulation contributes to better energy efficiency in buildings, and adjoining buildings also use heating and cooling systems more effectively.