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The Role of Surface Engineering in Tribology
Published in Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, Alessandro Ruggiero, T.V.V.L.N. Rao, J. Paulo Davim, Industrial Tribology, 2023
P. Kumaravelu, Sudheer Reddy Beyanagari, S. Arulvel, Jayakrishna Kandasamy
An alternating current electric current is provided near the component surface using water-cooled, prepared copper coils, generating an electromagnetic field that heats the part surface through eddy currents. Temperatures as high as 850°C have been recorded. At 500 kHz for 0.5 mm depth, low frequencies create a larger depth of heat, while high frequencies provide a smaller depth of heat at 500 kHz for 0.5 mm depth or 1 kHz for 5 mm depth. It generates a shallower hardness layer than, for example, flame hardening and has a shorter cycle time (seconds to minutes), making it suitable for small objects. Fast quench with water, oil, or air using a separate quench ring integrated with the coil assembly. Part complexity to fit a variety of inductor shapes, including pancake and coil (both internal and exterior). The impact of cryogenic treatments on the tribological properties of high-carbon chromium alloy steel after induction hardening The friction coefficient of general power induction with cryogenic treatment is much lower than that of high power induction. Wear resistance and reduced friction may both be provided through cryogenic treatment. A cryogenic treatment boosts abrasion resistance by 34 times. Another significant effect of cryogenic treatment is that the experimental variation in wear depth is reduced, meaning that material organization is more uniform.[42]
Wear characteristics, reduction techniques and its application in automotive parts – A review
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Luke O. Ajuka, Temitayo S. Ogedengbe, Timothy Adeyi, Omolayo M. Ikumapayi, Esther T. Akinlabi
Generally, wear can be effectively controlled by designing microstructures (hierarchical or heterogeneous surface structure designs), controlling compositions (additives in matrix or parameter fabrication and post-treatment processes optimization), and introducing reinforcements (precipitates and second-phase particles). Additional characteristic in automobile materials' wear reduction; Introduction of surface texturing, coatings, on substrate surface generates superior tribological behaviors, and dopants are introduced in matrix composition strengthening to reinforce plasticity, bonding strength, and influence anti-wear.Cryogenic treatment (particularly deep cryogenic treatment) enhances mechanical properties, thereby reducing residual stress and coefficient of friction, improving anti-wear, hardness, toughness, and fatigue resistance.Pretreatments like Laser shock peening can cause considerable reduction in electrochemical corrosion (~80%).
Wear and corrosion behaviour of the cryogenically treated tungsten carbide coatings
Published in Surface Engineering, 2023
Akshay R. Govande, B. Ratna Sunil, Ravikumar Dumpala
Cryogenic treatment is a well-known process where the treatment temperature is kept below −120°C. Cryogenic treatment has a significant effect on the mechanical characteristics of the WC–Co coatings. Gonzalez et al. evaluated the effect of cryogenic treatment on the erosion behaviour of the WC-based coatings and observed that cryogenically treated coatings have better erosion wear resistance at lower impingement angles [17]. Wang et al. investigated the wear resistance of WC–Co coatings subjected to cryogenic treatment and observed that η-carbide formation and transformation of α-Co to ϵ-Co phase enhanced the wear resistance [18]. According to Govande et al., cryogenic treatment reduces the friction coefficient of the coatings and also increases the microhardness [19]. Formation of η-carbide phases after cryogenic treatment is responsible for the improvement in microhardness of the coatings that leads to the increased wear resistance of the coatings [20].
Optimization of process parameters in CNC milling of P20 steel by cryo-treated tungsten carbide tools using NSGA-II
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2020
Vishnu Vardhan Mukkoti, Chinmaya Prasad Mohanty, Sankaraiah Gandla, Pallab Sarkar, Srinivasa Rao P, Dhanraj B
CNC milling process is extensively used in manufacturing industries for various industrial applications. Therefore, in the last decade, CNC end milling process has emerged as one the major topic of research interest by the researchers. To enhance the productivity of the process numerous studies reported until now by the researchers have been summarized in the following lines. Yong et al. (2007) studied the consequences of DCT and untreated tungsten carbide tool inserts while machining medium carbon steel work material in CNC milling. The study revealed that cryogenically treated tungsten carbide inserts can enhance the tool life by 28.9–38.6% in comparison with untreated tool inserts. Nalbant and Yildiz (2011) studied the effect of cryogenic machining on resultant cutting forces in CNC milling of AISI 304 stainless steel material experimentally by using liquid nitrogen as a coolant. The study revealed that by using liquid nitrogen as a coolant by spraying it to the machining zone has no much effect over dry milling operation. Shokrani et al. (2016) analyzed the effects of cryogenic machining using liquid nitrogen on surface integrity of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy workpiece in CNC end milling operations. The study showed that cryogenic cooling had improved in surface quality by 39% and 31% when compared with flood and dry cooling methods. Thamizhmanii and Mohd Nagib (2011) analyzed the tool behavior of DCT and untreated PVD inserts in the CNC milling process on Inconel 718 material. The analysis revealed that cryogenically treated PVD inserts showed better results in terms of tool life and flank wear than untreated inserts. Nirmal Kalsi et al. (2010) analyzed the effect of DCT on different types of steel and other materials. It is observed that cryogenic treatment of materials has a noteworthy change in their properties like wear resistance, toughness, hardness, reduced residual stresses, fatigue resistance and better thermal conductivity.