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Plants and Equipment
Published in Carl Bozzuto, Boiler Operator's Handbook, 2021
Unless otherwise indicated, the capacity of a compressor is always described in standard cubic feet per minute (scfm). The standard is equal to air at 60°F, 0% relative humidity, and one atmospheric pressure. The actual cfm that may be flowing in a system is often referred to as acfm. This can cause some confusion. The scfm can also be called atmospheric cfm, also abbreviated acfm. Be careful as to what is meant for any particular application. Take a burner application using an air atomizer. The burner manufacturer’s table indicates that 30 cfm of air at 80 psig is required. Call that 30 acfm. It is actually 190 scfm for a compressor (30×95÷15=190), assuming that the air is at the same temperature. If the compressor manufacturer listed the capacity as atmospheric cfm, or acfm, the wrong sized compressor might be selected. Again, be sure to read and understand the manufacturer’s information.
Turbomachinery
Published in William S. Janna, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition, 2020
Radial-flow machines are those that impart centrifugal energy to the fluid. These machines consist essentially of a rotating impeller within a housing. Fluid enters the housing at the inlet to the center or eye of the impeller. As the impeller itself rotates, it adds to the energy of the fluid while it is being spun outward. The angular momentum, the static pressure, and the fluid velocity are all increased within the impeller. As the fluid leaves the impeller, it enters a volute or scroll, where it is delivered to an outlet channel. The term compressor refers to a device that gives a substantial pressure increase to a flowing gas. The term fan refers to a machine that imparts a small pressure increase to a flowing gas. (The term blower is often used in place of fan.) The term pump refers to a machine that increases the pressure of a flowing liquid.
Acceptable Design of a Thermal System: A Synthesis of Different Design Steps
Published in Yogesh Jaluria, Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems, 2019
A compressor is a machine that increases the pressure of a gas or vapor by reducing the fluid specific volume as it passes through the equipment. Compressors are used in a wide variety of applications such as cleaning, pneumatic tools, paint spraying, refrigeration, and tire inflating. Again, there are several types of compressors such as reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, jet, or axial flow, depending on the mechanical means used to compress the fluid. The thermodynamics of compressors are given in most textbooks on thermodynamics, such as Van Wylen et al. (1994), Howell and Buckius (1992), and Cengel and Boles (2014). The energy needed for an actual or real compressor is compared against ideal isothermal or adiabatic processes to yield the compression efficiency. The characteristics of a compressor may be given in terms of the flow rate and the pressure generated for a given fluid such as air or a refrigerant like ammonia. For further details on different types of compressors and their characteristics, see Gulf (1979), Bloch (2006), and Brown (2005).
Finite-time adaptive sliding mode control for compressor surge with uncertain characteristic in the presence of disturbance
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2021
Li Fu, Xiuwei Fu, Masoud Taleb Ziabari
Two frequently used compressors are the centrifugal and axial flow. According to Boyce (2011), the centrifugal compressor is more efficient in high pressure, low flow rate applications, while the axial one is preferred for higher flow rate and higher speed machinery. The compressor systems commonly face two major instabilities, surge and stall, which limit their operational range. As the mass flow through the compressor drops down to a critical point, the surge occurs reflected by an unstable flow pattern. The ‘surge point’ separates the stable and unstable regions in the compressor’s characteristic curve. Likewise, the ‘surge line’ connects the surge points on the characteristic curves obtained at various compressor speeds. Surge instability can impact the entire compression system, and as a limit cycle, it is characterized by extreme fluctuations in the compressor’s pressure and flow, leading to a substantial loss in the efficiency and performance of the system.
Design of a robust LMI-based model predictive control method for surge instability in interconnected compressor systems in the presence of uncertainty and disturbance
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2021
Cong Xie, Hashem Imani Marrani
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Centrifugal compressors, sometimes called radial compressors, are a subclass of dynamic turbo-machinery and achieve a pressure rise by adding kinetic energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller (Brun & Kurz, 2018; Tibrewala et al., 2014). The most important applications of centrifugal compressors are in oil refineries, natural-gas processing, petrochemical, chemical plants, air-conditioning and refrigeration and HVAC, in industry and manufacturing to supply compressed air for all types of pneumatic tools and in air separation plants to manufacture purified and product gases (Bloch & Soares, 1998).
Axial-flow compressor analysis under distorted phenomena at transonic flow conditions
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
G Srinivas, K Raghunandana, Shenoy B Satish
In general, any aircraft jet engine consists of components like compressor, combustion chamber, turbine and nozzle. There are two types of compressors used in the aircraft engines, one is centrifugal (sometimes also referred as radial compressor) type and other one is axial-flow-type compressor. Centrifugal-type compressors are used for low-pressure small turbojet engines applications, whereas axial-flow compressors are used in large modern turbofan engines. Axial-flow compressor has a series of stages. Each stage has one rotor blade and one stator blade. The rotor blade plays a vital role in the compressor stage which increases the kinetic energy whereas the stator blade increases the static pressure of the fluid.