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Recycling, Reuse and Treatment Technologies of Mine Water for Environmental Sustainability and Economic Benefit in Mining Operations
Published in Hossain Md Anawar, Vladimir Strezov, Abhilash, Sustainable and Economic Waste Management, 2019
Hossain Md Anawar, Golam Ahmed, Vladimir Strezov, Ruhul F. Siddique
The oxidative dissolution of sulfide minerals including pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, chalcocite, covelite, stibnite, tetrahedrite, stannite and berthierite, accelerated by oxygen level, water, low pH and bacteria, produces acidic mine waters during and after mining activities (Gazea et al., 1996; Glombitza, 2001). The acid mine drainage (AMD) causes mobilization of inorganic contaminants such as valuable or toxic metals, low water pH, pollution of surface waters and severe environmental problems which destroys living organisms inhabiting them (Van Hille et al., 1999; Nabi Bidhendi et al., 2007). Acid mine waters are generated in underground mines, open pits, tailings dumps and waste rock piles in every part of the globe where mining activities are carried out. Mining operations are carried out in both remote areas and the most highly industrialised and heavily populated areas, where domestic and industrial activities place high demands on fresh water (Henzen and Pieterse, 1978).
Character of ore fluids in the eastern part of the Dachang ore district, south China
Published in Adam Piestrzyński, Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, 2001
J. Pašava, P. Dobeš, Fan Delian, Zhang Tao, M.C. Boiron
The Kangma sheeted vein cassiterite-sulfide deposit is located similarly as the Dafulo mine at the eastern limb of the Longxianggai anticline (Fig. 1). The deposit is hosted by a thick sequence of the Lower Devonian black calcareous shales generally trending 50-60° and dipping 15-30° NNE. Sheeted veins at Kangma are associated with the development of extensional brittle structures that formed contemporaneously with the deposition of ore. To the depth of 250 m the upper part of the sheeted vein system contains 0.4 - 0.55 % Sn, deeper part bears 0.7 - 0.8 % of Sn in average. Three mineralization stages were recognized at Kangma Stage I consists of rare pyrrhotite impregnations occasionally with microscopic intergrowths of cassiterite I and pyrrhotite in calcareous black shale. Stage II (main sulfide stage) is represented by dark Fe-rich sphalerite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, cassiterite, stannite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite and minor scheelite and ferberite. Stage III consists of native bismuth, galena, electrum, bismuthite, freibergite, acanthite, native Sb, gudmundite, stibnite and a number of Bi-Pb-Sb-Ag and Pb-Bi-Ag-Sb-Cu (Fe) sulfosalts.
Research on prediction model of ore grinding particle size distribution
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Zhou Wentao, Han Yuexin, Li Yanjun, Yang Jinlin, Ma Shaojian, Sun Yongsheng
The cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore, as one of the raw materials for test, is from Peak Mining Co., Ltd., a large plant in Guangxi province of China, and the lead-zinc ore is from Fozichong Mining Co., Ltd., a beneficiation plant in Guangxi of China. The raw material is naturally dried after surface cleaning. The main components of the cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore are pyrrhotite and sphalerite, amounting to 90% of the total mineral content; the lead minerals are mainly jamesonite; the antimony minerals include slight amounts of gudmundite, native antimony and hypargyrite; silver minerals are mainly freibergite, native silver and acanthite; tin minerals are mainly cassiterite, traces amount of stannite and kolbeckine; others metal sulfide minerals are mainly pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite; gangue minerals are mainly mica, quartz, potassium feldspar and kaolin. Lead minerals in lead-zinc ore are mainly galena and trace jamesonite; zinc minerals are sphalerite; other metal sulfide minerals are mainly pyrrhotite, pyrite and a small amount of chalcopyrite; metal oxide minerals are mainly a small amount of magnetite and rutile; gangue minerals are mainly quartz, epidote, chlorite, calcite and feldspar.
Recent advances in indium metallurgy: A review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2018
Debabrata Pradhan, Sandeep Panda, Lala Behari Sukla
Indium is an uncombined metal associated with different sulphide based minerals. Zinc minerals are the principal source of indium despite a small association has been reported with sulphide minerals of tin, lead, copper, and iron (Alfantazi and Moskalyk, 2003). The indium content in different zinc deposits ranges between 1 and 100 ppm, which is slightly more abundant than silver or mercury (U.S. Geological Survey, 2017). Indium is primarily extracted from the by-products of zinc refineries. The Zn refinery process enriches the indium content in its solid by-product which is further used as the primary mineral resource of indium. The mineralogical characteristics of indium depend on its elemental site in a mineral sample. It substitutes Zn within the crystal lattice of sphalerite via the coupled substitution mechanism of 2Zn2+↔Cu++In3+. Therefore, chalcopyrite has a subordinate role for indium in the sphalerite. Other discrete indium bearing minerals, such as stannite, stannoidite, roquesite and laforrtite, are the minor phases in sphalerite (Nigel et al., 2011).
A Review on Separation of Gallium and Indium from Leach Liquors by Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2018
Thi Hong Nguyen, Man Seung Lee
Indium’s average abundance is estimated to be approximately 0.05 ppm in the continental crust and 0.072 ppm in the oceanic crust (Lokanc et al. 2015). Like gallium, indium has no ores of its own and is found in trace amounts in many minerals and base metal sulfides such as chalcopyrite, sphalerite, stannite, and cassiterite (Lokanc et al. 2015). Among these minerals, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and sphalerite (ZnS) are two important sources for indium, and the concentration of indium is between 10 and 20 mg/kg (Zhang et al. 2015). It has been reported that the zinc refinery process enriches the indium content in its solid by-product which becomes the primary resources for indium recovery (Pradhan et al. 2018). The average indium content of zinc deposits from which it is recovered ranges from 1 to 100 ppm (Lokanc et al. 2015). A process including several leaching steps, precipitation, and cementation for production of indium ingots from the precipitates of zinc ore smelting is shown in Figure 2. Generally, there are two types of secondary resources suitable for the production of indium: (i) new scraps are generated in the manufacturing processes and (ii) old scraps consist of end-of-life consumer products (Lokanc et al. 2015). A large amount of new scraps is currently used to recover indium, while the recycling of old scrap begins recently. The waste ITO targets (70% of indium) resulted from the manufacturing of LCDs is the most promising secondary sources for the production of indium (Pradhan et al. 2018). Moreover, etching waste is also another promising secondary resource of indium (Zhang et al. 2015).