China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fundamental Concepts of Flow
Published in Jesse Yoder, New-Technology Flowmeters, 2023
It is difficult to give a clear definition of the process industries. Primarily they are the ones concerned with converting raw and bulk materials into products. For example, the food industry takes meat, grains, vegetables, and other potentially edible raw materials and processes them into a form in which they can be consumed by humans and animals. Historically, paper has been made from a variety of materials, including flax, cotton, wood, wheat straw, sugarcane waste, bamboo, linen rags, and hemp. Today most paper is made from wood and recycled paper products. Both food processing and the paper industry are examples of process industries.
Waste Treatment to Minimize Disposal
Published in E. Higgins Thomas, Hazardous Waste Minimization Handbook, 2018
There are techniques for recycling portions of these wastes. Recyclers must create a product that meets minimum standards for commercial acceptability. For instance, to be saleable, recycled lubricating oil must meet standards for lubricating quality and temperature stability set by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Recycled solvents must meet commercial criteria for industrial solvents. Recycled paper must be suitable for cardboard manufacture, writing paper, or cellulosic insulations. If these commercial constraints are not met, the recycled product itself will be discarded as waste.
Microbial Enzymes for Eco-friendly Recycling of Waste Paper by Deinking
Published in Ram Chandra, R.C. Sobti, Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation, 2019
Sanjeev Balda, Aarjoo Sharma, Neena Capalash, Prince Sharma
Paper recycling is gaining more importance due to increasing environmental and economic concerns. Paper recovery rates are increasing continuously in the United States and European countries. Due to rapid developments and increasing efficiency of technology, the quality of the recycled paper is approaching that of virgin paper. However, there are environmental and ecological concerns related to paper recycling. The biggest problem is the solid waste rejects and sludge recovered from paper processing mills which are in the range between 5% and 40%, depending on different paper grades.
Evaluation of life cycle assessment in a paper manufacture by analytical hierarchy process
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Mohammad Moosavi, Payam Ghorbannezhad, Majid Azizi, Hamid Zarea Hosseinabadi
The environmental impact and production process were obtained as the highest priority. The kraft and sulphite processes are two favourable pulp and paper processes because of high-quality products. These processes impose many environmental hazards such as enormous energy consumption, wastewater, chemical usage, etc. led to damage to natural resources. The development of recycled paper makes a lot of advantages in pulp and paper manufacture include reduction of GHG emissions, less energy consumption, lower hazard material in the wastewater, and protect natural resources. However, the lower quality of the paper is one of the main challenges in a recycled paper mill which adds virgin pulp like kraft pulp to compensate for this problem. In this regard, using fibre classification, changing the process, and modifying the equipment enables to achieve higher paper quality compared with virgin kraft pulp (Akhundzadeh and Shirazi 2017). Table 4 showed the result of the sub-criteria evaluation of the LCA boundary in a recycled paper mill in Iran. Change in the production line, waste management, reusing of water, reduction of total suspended solids, and process design was respectively ranked as first to fifth among 52 sub-criterions.
The potential value of recycling municipal household solid waste in Shanghai, China
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Zhujie Chu, An Zhou, Zhiyong He, Weichiao Huang, Zheng Lv
Segment four reveals that waste paper has a high current value and a low potential value. That implies that the recycling of waste paper is primarily focused on cultivating loyal recyclers. At present, waste paper recycling is one of the most well-established recycling schemes applied to MHSW in China. This is due mainly to the fact that some residents, especially older residents and retired residents, are attracted by the selling price of waste papers. Also, residents are enthusiastic about recycling waste papers as they feel that it is relatively easy and inexpensive to recycle waste papers. Some barriers need to be addressed to ensure that residents will continue recycling waste papers in the future. For example, the demand for waste papers must remain stable. For that, one technical issue concerning the stable demand for waste paper needs to be addressed. That is, it is difficult to use recycled paper wastes to produce high-quality paper because of the reduced fiber quality with short length and strength (Joshi et al. 2016). Also, the downstream utilization chain of waste papers needs to be established as quickly as possible.