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Understanding the Interaction of Nanomaterials with Living Systems: Tissue Engineering
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Many studies have shown that surface nanofeatures directly influence cellular adhesion, proliferation, and morphology when grown on different arrays with protrusions or nanotextured surfaces. Topological features provide migration and growth guidance to cells called contact guidance, brought about by adhesion of the cell and influencing its cytoskeletal arrangement. Spider silk fibers promoted successful cell adhesion, migration, and growth of Schwann cells as a possible nerve conduit, as was shown by Allmeling et al. 2006. Cells also transform their microenvironment on these features by the ECM they produce, cytokines, and so on. The topographical features can also dictate the fate of cells, as seen for mesenchymal stem cells. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells display lineage-specific differentiation when cultured on substrates that mimic the stiffness of native tissue environments (Figure 8.6). In the case of MSCs cultured on substrate that mimics the bone environment, the cells become osteogenic (Rowlands et al. 2008), while MSCs exposed to substrates that mimic a myogenic tissue environment become muscle cells (Kloxin et al. 2010). Local nanotopography inducing differential response is shown in a study by (Kilian et al. 2010); human MSCs grown on microcontact-printed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) show musculoskeletal characteristics at the edges of the matrix and adipogenic/neuro nature toward the inner region of the scaffold (Figure 8.7).
A Discussion on the Use of Metal-Containing Diamond-Like Carbon (Me-DLC) Films as Selective Solar Absorber Coatings
Published in Kuan Yew Cheong, Two-Dimensional Nanostructures for Energy-Related Applications, 2017
M. A. Fraga, G. Leal, M. Massi, V. J. Trava-Airoldi
In recent years, intense research and development activities have been devoted to fabrication of photovoltaic and solar collector systems with lower cost and higher efficiency. The application of nanoscale materials is a promising way to meet both challenges (Oelhafen and Schuler 2005). Nanotechnology has been recognized as an outstanding option to make possible the development of more economically viable materials for solar energy conversion by improving their efficiency while reducing their cost and size. Nanostructured materials are defined as objects that have at least one dimension in the range of 1–100 nm. They can be categorized by the number of nanoscale dimensions into four groups (Haick 2013). 0-D nanostructures are materials in which each spatial dimension has from 1 to 100 nm. Examples: nanoparticles and quantum dots.1-D nanostructures are materials with a characteristic diameter between 1 and 100 nm and a length that could be much greater. Examples: nanotubes, nanowires, quantum wires and nanorods.2-D nanostructures are nanotextured surfaces with a thickness between 1 and 100 nm, while the other two dimensions are much greater. Examples: thin films, planar quantum wells and superlattices.3-D nanostructures are bulky materials with all dimensions above 100 nm. Examples: bulk nanocrystalline films and nanocomposites.
Cotton cellulose nanofiber/chitosan nanocomposite: characterization and evaluation of cytocompatibility
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Rafaella S. S. Zanette, Leonara B. F. de Almeida, Nelson L. G. D. Souza, Camila G. de Almeida, Luiz F. C. de Oliveira, Elyabe M. de Matos, Juliana C. Gern, Humberto M. Brandão, Michele Munk
The AFM analysis revealed that the CCN/chitosan nanocomposite exhibited the higher roughness compared to the pure chitosan film surface. Surface topography of polymeric biomaterials is important for cell adhesion and spreading behaviors [51]. Previous studies have reported that the nanoscale growth substrate is critical to maintaining the functional cells in culture [52,53]. Goreham et al. [54] showed that nanotopography surfaces encourage fibroblast and osteoblast cell adhesion. In the present study, to investigate whether nanotopography can influence HEK293 cell growth, cell area spreading was analyzed. From microscopy analysis, it is possible to observe that cells had highest cell spreading area when cultured on film chitosan and CCN/chitosan nanocomposite as compared with those cultured on polystyrene plate surface. Similar to what was observed in this study, it has been shown that nanocomposite topography influences cell spreading [55–57]. Micro- and nanotextured surfaces can favor direct interactions between cellular protrusions and biomaterial surface. Cells interact with polymeric matrix resulting in different degree of adhesion and spreading [51]. Particularly, on the CCN/chitosan nanocomposite surface, the HEK293 cells seem to exhibit morphological changes resembling that of cells in an in vivo environment. Similarly, Kim et al. [58] demonstrated that the nanotopography affected the cell shape. Thus, it is possible to hypothesize that the CCN/chitosan nanocomposite has the nanotopographical cues that influence cell morphology.