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3D Nanoprinting in the Biomedical Industries
Published in Ajit Behera, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Ram K. Gupta, Smart 3D Nanoprinting, 2023
Vaibhavi Srivastava, Mayank Handa, Rahul Shukla
Nanocapsules: According to IUPAC, hollow nanoparticles consist of a solid polymeric shell that encapsulate a drug present at core of the sphere are known as nanocapsules. The size of nanocapsules varies from 10–1000 nm. Nanocapsules can be used as drug-delivery system, nutraceuticals, additive food supplements, etc. Nanocapsules offer several advantages like being smart carriers of drugs, improved bioavailability, enhanced drug efficacy, protected drug from adverse environment, sustainability and precised targeting. Beck et al. strived to deliver deflazacort by oral route. For this effort, they utilised 3D printer to print a tablet containing nanocapsules of deflazacort using the FDM technique. The filaments of polycaprolactam and Eudragit® RL100 were prepared using 3D printing and channelled with nanocapsules. The 3D printed nanocapsules showed PDI of 0.1, size of 0.28 µm, and 65% of in vitro drug release within 24 h. Another research team utilised computer-aided design to fabricate a two-step 3D printed nanocapsule in which polycaprolactam, a thermoplastic polymer, sandwiched different oils, such as, linalool, farnesyl limonene, and trivalent alkyne. The oil was loaded by inkjet print head method, and the nanocapsule obtained was of size 200–800 µm [16].
Nanostructured Biomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Natália Cruz-Martins, Biogenic Nanomaterials, 2023
Saher Islam, Devarajan Thangadurai, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olugbenga Samuel Micheal, Wilson Nwankwo, Oseni Kadiri, Osikemekha Anthony Anani, Samuel Makinde, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji
Factors that determine drug release from nanoparticle-based formulation includes temperature, pH, nanoparticle matrix swelling, nanoparticle matrix erosion, desorption of adsorbed drug and of drugs across the nanoparticle matrix (Mura et al., 2013; Son et al., 2017). Drug release depends on nature of nanoparticle been used. Based on composition, polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) has been sorted as nanospheres or nanocapsules. Drug released in relation to nanospheres is by matrix erosion. In this nanoparticle model, there is a rapid burst followed by a sustained release of drug (Lee and Yeo, 2015). In the case of nanocapsules, drug release is controlled through a diffusion process across the polymeric layer. Deliverability depends on drug diffusibility across the polymer. However, there will be formation of complexes which impedes drug release from the capsule in a situation where ionic interaction exists between the polymer and the drug. The addition of an auxiliary agent like polyethene oxide-propylene oxide can help avoid this limitation. Calvo et al. (1997) noted that this auxiliary agent results in decline interaction between the capsule and the drug matrix thereby improving drug release to the target tissues.
Nanocapsules in Brain Targeting
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
For the past few decades, polymeric nanocapsules have been gaining attention in the field of brain targeting. They are microsized transporters, ranging from 1 to 1000 nm. This nanocarrier system is made of either natural or synthetic polymers, within which the desired drug can be encapsulated either in solid or in liquid state (mixture or solvents), or chemically connected to the surface or directly adsorbed (Morris et al., 2012). Most commonly used polymers are poly(lactide-co-glycolides), polylactides, polyglycolides, polycyanoacrylates, polyanhydrides, and polycaprolactone. Chitosan can also be used for the preparation of nanocapsules. Most commonly used method for the preparation of polymer-based nanocapsule is the polymerization of the monomer units into the dispersed phase of the emulsion (Vijaya et al., 2011). Chen et al. (2004) has specified that polymeric nano-capsules are suitable carrier systems for brain targeting. Major properties of the polymeric nanocapsule are the following (Guo et al., 2015): Improved stability.Efficiently manufactured via number of strategies.Higher dose of therapeutic agent can be delivered to the brain across the BBB.
Nanometric Systems Containing Ozonated Oil with Potential Activity against Skin Pathogens
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2023
Kiany de Oliveira Firmino, Francielli Lima Dos Santos, Morgana Souza Marques, Bárbara Souza da Costa, Gabriela da Silva Collar, Juliana Caierão, Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria, Irene Clemes Külkamp Guerreiro, Renata Vidor Contri
The polymeric nanocapsules (NC-OZ) were obtained by the interfacial deposition of the preformed polymer method, a bottom-up technique, as described previously for the optimization of Eudragit RS100® nanocapsules containing a vegetable oil in the core (Contri et al. 2016a). The technique consists of two phases (organic and aqueous phases) that are mixed slowly to form nanocapsules. The organic phase was composed of acetone (100 mL), ozonated oil (500 mg) and Eudragit® RS100 (200 mg). The aqueous phase was composed of ultrapure water (106 mL) and P80 (152 mg). Both phases were placed in a bath (40 °C) until complete solubilization. The organic phase was then poured into the aqueous phase in a continuous flow. After 10 minutes under magnetic stirring at 40 °C, the organic solvent was evaporated by means of a rotary evaporator (Fisatom 801) and the nanocapsule suspension was concentrated to a final volume of 10 mL, with a final ozonated oil concentration of 5%. The nanocapsules were stored in an amber bottle at room temperature until the time of testing.
Recent advances in nanotechnology based combination drug therapy for skin cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Shweta Kumari, Prabhat Kumar Choudhary, Rahul Shukla, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani
Polymeric nanocapsules, have been studied and proposed for topical and systemic drug delivery system in recent decades. Nanocapsule is a type of nanoparticle which provides a unique vesicular composed of a liquid/solid core surrounded by a thinner polymeric wall [79]. The drug delivery systems with polymeric nanocapsules increase the bioavailability and accomplish continued and targeted drug delivery. Likewise, they can also efficiently reduce the toxic effects on payload and tissue surroundings. Polymeric nanocapsules have increased more attention in drug delivery systems, because of their unique core-shell microstructure. In comparison to polymeric nanospheres, these colloidal aqueous suspension of nanocapsules have increased drug stability, may delay, and control the drug delivery effectively, while reducing the content of polymeric medium [80]. The drug loaded polymeric nanocapsules is a promising method to enhance the effectiveness of various tumour treatment strategies due to the deeper drug infiltration into the skin [81].
In-vitro stress stability, digestibility and bioaccessibility of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanocapsules
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2021
Shabbar Abbas, Dawei Chang, Naveeda Riaz, Abid Aslam Maan, Muhammad Kashif Iqbal Khan, Ishtiaque Ahmad, Suliman A. Alsagaby, Ahmed El-Ghorab, Mazhar Ali, Muhammad Imran, Azmat Ullah, Tahir Mehmood, Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder, Muhammad Sajjad, Muhammad Umer, Asghar Shabbir, Muhammad Inam Afzal
Bioaccessibility of component is the fraction of the component that is released from the ingested material into the juices of the gastrointestinal tract. Released bioactives are trapped in the mixed micelles in the small intestine, and then they are absorbed. Multilayered nanocapsules are considered potential delivery systems for nutraceuticals. In the current research, bioaccessibility study indicated that with the increased number of coating layers, the % bioaccessibility of curcumin increased. For instance, % bioaccessibility of curcumin for the starch coated NEI droplets was minimum (15.25%), although the % FFA released was maximum (> 130%). On the other hand, % bioaccessibility was increased to 23.4 ± 0.8% with the addition of second (chitosan) layer. Similarly, % bioaccessibility was further increased to 29.2 ± 0.8% with the addition of third layer (CMC) (for nanocapsules) even though minimum % FFA was released (68%), as shown in Figure 7(b). Increase of % bioaccessibility with increasing the number of coating layers could be due to the extra protection provided to the curcumin against degradation after it was subjected to simulated digestion conditions.