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Physiology of Ethanol Production by Zymomonas mobilis
Published in Ayerim Y. Hernández Almanza, Nagamani Balagurusamy, Héctor Ruiz Leza, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Bioethanol, 2023
Laura Andrea Pérez-García, Cindy Nataly Del Rio-Arellano, David Francisco Lafuente Rincón, Norma M. De La Fuente-Salcido
This facultative aerobic Z. mobilis is, gram-negative bacteria, a non-spore-forming, rod-shaped grouped in pairs and size of 2–6 × 1.0–1.4 µm. Commonly non-motile but some exceptions may be possessed one to four polar flagella. Growth of Z. mobilis on standard medium agar [D-glucose (20 g L–1), yeast extract (5 g L–1)], grows forming glistening colonies, regularly edged, white to cream-colored, 1–2 mm in diameter after 48 h at 30°C incubation. Growth optimal conditions includes 30°C and at pH 3.5–7.5 and vitamins (biotin, pantothenate) as micronutrients [70]. Their nutrition includes fermentable sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), is chemoorganotrophic and highly efficient ethanol producer through the ED pathway [22]. Shows constitutive ethanol-tolerance (5%) and also is acid tolerance, but is sensible to novobiocin. The distinctive features of Z. mobilis are the genotypically their DNA content mol %G+C is 47.5–49.5, and phenotypically, the cell membrane contains pentacyclic triterpenoids of the hopane series and lack of fatty acid C14:0 2OH (nonhydroxy myristic acid), commonly present in all others α-Sphingomonas species.
Odour Evaluation Techniques in Textiles Area: Introduction of E-nose as a Potential Alternative Tool
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Sima Shakoorjavan, Somaye Akbari, Dawid Stawski
The most common odour evaluation using GC in textiles area associated with human sweat and axillary odour (McQueen et al. 2014) and laundry effectiveness in malodour removal (Denawaka, Fowlis, and Dean 2016) when coupled with mass spectrum. Rathinamoorthy et al. (Rathinamoorthy and Thilagavathi 2016) tried to characterize the odour-forming compounds on worn cotton knitted fabric using gas chromatography and mass spectrum (GC-MS). In this study, GC-MS was utilized to identify and measure the amount of the most well-known sweat components that are responsible for odour forming in the axillary including volatile short chain fatty acids and alcohols such as a saturated fatty acid of myristic acid and derivative of myristyl alcohol, respectively. For GC-MS analysis, the sweat components were extracted from the worn cotton swatches in which one was plain fabric and the other was treated with methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula fruit. The obtained results confirmed their previous finding that bacterial population and their secretion play pivotal roles in creating and formation of new odour compounds in fabric surface. They could identify the major odour forming source from axilla including steroidal fractions of 5α-androst-16-ene-3-one and cholesterol on worn textile as well as other prominent odour forming compounds such as fatty acids and alcohols. Also, it was revealed that finished cotton had minor amount of components which were responsible for odour formation.
Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Hydrolytic stability is a major consideration for all esters. Possibly one of the reasons for the popularity of the isopropyl alcohol esters of fatty acids in preference to similar esters that can be made from a low-molecular-weight acid (such as propionic acid) and a fatty alcohol, is their improved hydrolytic stability. It is important to consider that when an ester such as isopropyl myristate does hydrolyze, the resulting products are isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid. However, when an ester such as myristyl propionate hydrolyzes, the resulting components are myristyl alcohol and propionic acid. In this example, isopropyl alcohol would have a much more agreeable odor than propionic acid. Additionally, the propionic acid will lower the product pH possibly to a point where it will be detrimental to the product or consumer.
State-of-the-art novel catalyst synthesized from waste rice husk and eggshells for cleaner biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Shahid Nawaz, Farrukh Jamil, Parveen Akhter, Murid Hussain
The biodiesel analysis done through GCMS technique to find the unknown compounds of ester. GCMS revealed all triglyceride components in every ester during transesterification, including myristic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acid. As a result, gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer is an appropriate analytical approach for determining the chemical composition of bio-oil generated from waste of agricultural waste. The FAMEs were identifying by verified the retention time and mass fragmentation from literature studies. The tables and graphs identified the composition of the four samples of Biodiesel. The compounds of methyl ester reported with respective of their retention time. The samples results, as Biodiesel-1, Biodiesel-2, Biodiesel-3 and Biodiesel-4 and oil from waste seeds of apricot, displayed in Figure 5. The biodiesel prepared from the SiO2/CaO catalyst possessed the major esters such as fumaric acid, carbonic acid, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as mentioned in the table with respect to their retention time range 16.95 − 54.65 min (Tables 1–3).
Microemulsion fuel formulation from used cooking oil with carbinol as the dispersion phase
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
There are also free fatty acids (FFA) in UCO as a result of repeated heating of the oil. The concentration of free fatty acids in used cooking oil from institutional cafeterias was found to be lower than that of many other places (for example, fast-food restaurants), even though the replacement rate of the cooking oil should be faster. Gas chromatography analysis of the sample was conducted, and Table 3 describes the fatty acid composition of the oil sample. The identified fatty acid composition consisted of saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid are the saturated fatty acid compositions. The monosaturated fatty acid composition is oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition is linoleic acid.
Thermal characterisation of dairy washed scum methyl ester and its b-20 blend for combustion applications
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Vinay Atgur, G. Manavendra, G.P. Desai, B. Nageswara Rao
DWSME exhibits reaction at 90–350°C with peak temperatures of 192.3°C and 232.7°C (see Figure 15). Biodiesel shows two steps of reaction, as illustrated by Jain S et.al for karanja biodiesel (Jain and Sharma 2011, 2012). Major fatty acid contents are 37.02% palmitic acid, 28.82% oleic acid, 12.74% stearic acid and 12.21% myristic acid. Transesterification reaction mechanism makes the biodiesel less stable. The monoglyceride molecules make the sample less stable, as observed in waste cooking oil biodiesel by Almazrouei and Janajreh (2018) and deOliveira and Dweck (2018). Diffusion burning phase for biodiesel is high when compared to that of diesel. Due to high volatility, biodiesel burns slowly. Combustion process takes place in a time span of 38.38 min with 97.28% weight loss at 408.4°C.