China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanotechnology for Energy and the Environment
Published in Shilpi Birla, Neha Singh, Neeraj Kumar Shukla, Nanotechnology, 2022
Nowadays, synthetic chemistry has reached a level where commercial varieties of pharmaceuticals and polymers are prepared, and researchers are looking to assemble supermolecules consisting of an arrangement in a well-defined structure. With the bottom-up approach, self-assembly of molecular structure is taken care of. Compared to the top-down approach, this can produce more devices at less cost. Useful nanostructures have requirements of complex arrangement, e.g. Watson–Crick base pairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. Figure 2.1 shows nanometer scale. Molecular nanotechnology is nanoscale machinery based on principles of mechanosynthesis. Compared to the difficulty level of assembling devices currently, in the opinion of Carlo Montemagno, the future is a hybrid of silicon technology and biological molecules from a nanotechnology point of view. Because of the difficulty of manipulating individual molecules, it seems impossible if we have to go for (Richard Smalley) mechano synthesis. Ho and Lee in 1999 experimented with moving CO to individual Fe on flat silver crystal to show positional molecular assembly. [33]
Nanotechnology Applications in the Sectors of Renewable Energy Sources
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Pardeep Kumar Sharma, Smart Nanotechnology with Applications, 2020
Apart from these applications, nanotechnology is finding importance in other fields also, e.g. nanomedicine, nanofabrication, nanotechnology in memory and storage, nanotechnology for flexible electronics, and some industrial applications of nanotechnology such as textile and military. One of the medical field applications of nanotechnology is known as nanomedicine. Basically, the nanomedicine branch deals with the medical applications of nanomaterials along with nanoelectronic biosensors and also some of the upcoming applications of molecular nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is now being used in treating cancer through molecular imaging and therapy. Nanofabrication is another significant field of nanotechnology which deals with energy. Nanofabrication involves a process, which deals with the designing and implementation of the devices based on the nanoscale. Development of such type of nanodevices, having dimensions smaller than 100 nm help to seize, store, and transfer energy in a better form. In fact, nanomaterials play a very crucial role for the designing and implementation of flexible electronics. Flexible electronics components can also be developed and designed by changing the nanoscale structure of particles. Figure 5.9 illustrates the role of nanomaterials in numerous applications.
Nano-biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
One of the major applications of nanotechnology is to develop diagnostic tools for better understanding of human diseases. The application of nanotechnology in medicine is called nanomedicine. The applications of nanomedicine range from the medical use of nanomaterials, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible applications of molecular nanotechnology. Current challenges in the field of nanomedicine involve understanding the issues related to toxicity and the environmental impact of nanoscale materials. The application of nanomaterials has revolutionized drug discovery research. The journal Nature Materials showed that an estimated 130 nanotech-based drugs and delivery systems were being developed worldwide. The NNI expects new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical industry, which may include advanced drug-delivery systems, new therapies, and in vivo imaging. Neuro-electronic interfaces and other nanoelectronics-based sensors are another active goal of research. The speculative field of molecular nanotechnology believes that further down the line cell repair machines could revolutionize medicine and the medical field. Nanomedicine is a large industry, with nano-medicine sales reaching 6.8 billion dollars in 2004, and with more than 200 companies and 38 products worldwide, a minimum of $3.8 billion in nanotechnology R&D is being invested every year. As the nanomedicine industry continues to grow, it is expected to have a significant impact on the economy.
Application of nano waste particles in concrete for sustainable construction: a comparative study
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Gihan Garas, Alaa Mohamed Sayed, Emad Shaker Hana Bakhoum
Moreover, the aim of nano particles is to manipulate the chemical alignment of the original material to achieve new tasks that cannot be attained in its macroscopic form. To ascertain this outcome, two approaches are industrialised: the top to bottom technique- also known as contemporary method- which is the reduction of large particles into nano-sized ones without enforcing any changes on their atomic level, and the bottom-up approach- also referred to as molecular nanotechnology – where the materials are created from atoms or molecules through a procedure of self-assembly. The last process is used to produce most of nanomaterials used in concrete such as: nano silica, nano alumina, and nano clay. It includes more indirect uses like synthesis and chemical preparation. The properties of the particles such as size and shape are easily designed and regulated using chemical processes. The choice between those two approaches depends on practicality, cost, and proficiency of nano conduct. (Hanus and Harris 2013; Norhasri, Hamidah, and Fadzil 2017)
Biogenic synthesis: a sustainable approach for nanoparticles synthesis mediated by fungi
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Anuj Chauhan, Jigisha Anand, Vipin Parkash, Nishant Rai
A report indicates that copper nanoparticles were dissolved in water and used as fungicide for controlling diseases of grape trees and other fruit trees.[112] The commercially available “Diyarex Gold” can be shown as the best example for biofungicide, developed and processed through molecular nanotechnology by R.V. Agri Corporation. Diyarex Gold has been demonstrated to be an efficient bactericide and fungicide.[113] Mouhamed et al.[114] evaluated the antifungal potential of ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in comparison with some commercial antifungal feed additives (probiotic, propionic acid and clove oil) in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus niger strains that were isolated from animal and poultry feeds using well and disk diffusion tests. The field application of the used NPs and other drugs on commercial animal feed evidenced the availability to use ZnO and Fe2O3 NPs only as antifungal. Yehia and Ahmed[115] conducted an experiment on F. oxysporum and P. expansum for analyzing the toxic efficiency of NPs. P. expansum showed high inhibitory effect against ZnO NPs treatment than F. oxysporum. The mechanism of NPs action was explained as fungi growth inhibition was due to fungal hypha structure deformation. It was observed that patulin production was decreased by both fungi with the enhancement of NPs concentration. Two postharvest fungi, Botrytis cinerea and P. expansum, were treated with zinc oxide NPs with concentration of 3, 6 and 12 mmol L−1. P. expansum growth was more inhibited by NPs activity. Das et al.[116] conducted a study to assess the gold NPs effects on S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans. The study showed the mechanism of action of gold NPs on fungi. SEM analysis confirmed the rupturing of fungi cell wall due to NPs interaction and action. The copper-based NPs interaction resulted in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused DNA disruption.[117] Shah et al.[118] also reported the reduction in lignocellulose-degrading enzymes.