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Biodegradation and Biocatalysis Aspects of Direct Bioethanol Production by Fungi in a Single Step Named Consolidated Bioprocessing
Published in Ayerim Y. Hernández Almanza, Nagamani Balagurusamy, Héctor Ruiz Leza, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Bioethanol, 2023
Luis Fernando Amador Castro, Danay Carrillo Nieves
Lignocellulose is an organic material that constitutes the plant cell walls. It can be readily obtained from feedstocks and forestry as well as from their wastes [7]. Biofuels that can be obtained from this material include ethanol, butanol, and biodiesel; among the previous ethanol has the highest relevance [8]. Ethanol can be readily mixed with gasoline reducing hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions [9]. Ethanol-gasoline blends can also contribute to decreasing the effects of climate change given that feedstocks used for ethanol production sequester CO2 for its growth [10]. Additionally, the use of lignocellulosic wastes and non-edible crops for ethanol production can favor rural economic development and at the same time does not comprise food security [11]. However, the implementation of this technology faces significant challenges.
Bioprospecting and Genomic-Based Biotechnology for Economic Use of Agro-Industrial Wastes
Published in Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh, Lata Nain, Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes, 2023
Gretty K. Villena, Ilanit Samolski
Lignocellulosic feedstock, which is composed mainly of cellulose (38–50%), hemicellulose (23–32%), and lignin (10–25%), is one of the most abundant in the Earth, with an annual production of about 181.5 billion tons (Paul and Dutta 2018). The advantages of the use of lignocellulose are related to inexhaustibility, abundance, degradability, better cleaning performance, and availability of key chemical elements (C,H,O) (Chen 2015), but its complex chemical architecture and recalcitrance, as well as the lack of efficient green technology, makes difficult its use on a large scale. The raw materials derived from starchy and oilseed crops are more technologically affordable, but their great disadvantage is that they compete with agricultural lands, risking food security.
Advancements in Extremozymes and their Potential Applications in Biorefinery
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
The term bioenergy refers to solid, liquid or gaseous substances that have to be used as an energy source which may be bioethanol, butanol, biodiesel and biomethane (Moreno and Olsson 2017). A biorefinery is a widely used concept which integrates full use of biomass generated into a spectrum of bio-based products and bioenergy (Cherubini 2010). Lignocellulose is the main structural component of plants that contains cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as its constituents. Lignocelluloses are the best candidate feedstock for bioenergy production because of their high mass availability, relatively low price, and lack of competition with food provision. However, the recalcitrance of lignocelluloses caused by lignin is the key hindrance in the utilization of this valuable resource (Geng et al. 2018). Therefore, the effective delignification of the biomass will play an important role in the economic feasibility of biofuel processing (Arevalo-Gallegos et al. 2017).
Structural alteration of cocoa bean shell fibers through biological treatment using Penicillium roqueforti
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Ozana Almeida Lessa, Fabiane Neves Silva, Iasnaia Maria de Carvalho Tavares, Igor Carvalho Fontes Sampaio, Adriana Bispo Pimentel, Selma Gomes Ferreira Leite, Melissa Limoeiro Estrada Gutarra, Lucas Galhardo Pimenta Tienne, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Bilal, Paulo Neilson Marques dos Anjos, Luiz Carlos Salay, Marcelo Franco
Lignocellulose, the main part of biomass and a structural component of the plant cell wall, is a three-dimensional structure resulting from the combination of cellulose (35–50%) with hemicellulose (20–35%), lignin (15–20%), ash and other compounds (15–20%).[1–3] As a renewable resource, this biomass is used in fermentation processes aimed at obtaining high value products: enzymes[4] protein enrichment,[5] xylooligosaccharides[6] and xylitol.[7] In addition, this biomass can also be applied in biorefineries to produce biofuels and bioproducts, using diverse sources such as crops and agricultural and woody residues, agro-food waste and waste from the wood processing industry and urban residues.[8]
Alcohols as alternative fuels in compression ignition engines for sustainable transportation: a review
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Tomesh Kumar Sahu, Pravesh Chandra Shukla, Giacomo Belgiorno, Rakesh Kumar Maurya
Bioethanol is commercially produced by fermenting sugarcane molasses, a first-generation bioethanol feedstock, but it cannot meet ethanol blending requirements because of limited molasses availability and higher demand from industrial/potable sectors. Using lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for second-generation biofuel could improve food security, reduce fossil fuel imports, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. From the fuel cost perspective, the ethanol fuel price range is 0.5 to 1.5 USD per liter, with an average market price of ethanol about 0.75 USD per liter (Ranganathan 2020). Currently, the global potential for ethanol production is about 103,379 million liters out of which about 56,781 million liters is from the United States of America (Annual Ethanol Production U.S. and World Ethanol Production by Renewable Fuels Association 2022) and about 7000 million liters from India (Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India by 2025 by NITI Ayog; 2022). The utilization of alcohol indicates its great potential in terms of overall greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to conventional fuels by adopting the holistic approach (cradle to grave) (Shamun et al. 2018). Alcohol produced from bio-resources can simultaneously solve two problems: 1) waste management of agricultural organic wastes and 2) alternative fuel for internal combustion (IC) engine applications (Demiray et al. 2022; Sahu et al. 2022). Alcohol produced from various cellulosic biomass materials helps in reducing the PM emission as an enabler to meet the low NOx levels (Broukhiyan and Lestz 1981; Sharma and Agarwal 2020).
Digestibility of Bacillus firmus K-1 pretreated rice straw by different commercial cellulase cocktails
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Thitiporn Teeravivattanakit, Sirilak Baramee, Prattana Ketbot, Rattiya Waeonukul, Patthra Pason, Chakrit Tachaapaikoon, Khanok Ratanakhanokchai, Paripok Phitsuwan
Lignocellulosic material is an important renewable feedstock for the sustainable production of biofuels and biochemicals. Rice straw, a residue after rice grain collection, is an abundantly available lignocellulosic material, particularly in Asia countries.[1] It is estimated that rice straw's annual production is approximately 740.95–1111.42 million tons worldwide.[1] This vast amount makes rice straw an attractive feedstock for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. Rice straw contains cellulose (34–43%), hemicellulose (mainly xylan, 19–22%), and lignin (13–22%).[2] These chemical components are present in the plant cell walls. Cellulose is a source of glucose, and hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulase enzymes is a good means to produce glucose for microbial fermentation.[1] However, cellulose is embedded in a layer of hemicellulose and lignin. Thus, the cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin networks should be disrupted to make cellulose accessible to cellulases.