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Windows, doors and stairs
Published in Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath, of Houses, 2021
Derek Worthing, Nigel Dann, Roger Heath
Glass can also be: wired – where a mesh is embedded so that when damaged the glass tends to remain in position. This glass can be used in fire doors.toughened – where ordinary glass is subjected to a heating and cooling process which produces a material with a relatively high level of resistance to impact. If broken it will fall into small pieces and this has to be cut to size prior to the toughening treatment. It cannot be re-cut.laminated – as the name suggests, two or more panes of glass are bonded together with a layer of another material, usually plastic, between them. Laminated glass may be used as safety glass, generally for specific purposes, e.g. anti-bandit or bullet resistant. It is entirely translucent.Pyro glass – this glass has a much higher resistance to heat and flame and is often specified for fire doors where a clear glass – not a wired glass – is the requirement.
Polymers utilised in construction
Published in Ash Ahmed, John Sturges, Materials Science in Construction: An Introduction, 2014
This is a resin, usually used for applications that require strong binding, optical clarity, adhesion to many surfaces, toughness and flexibility. It is prepared from polyvinyl alcohol by reaction with butyraldehyde. The major application is laminated safety glass for a variety of applications. Laminated glass, commonly used in the automotive and architectural fields, comprises a protective interlayer, usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB), bonded between two panes of glass. The bonding process takes place under heat and pressure. When laminated under these conditions, the PVB interlayer becomes optically clear and binds the two panes of glass together. Once sealed together, the glass ‘sandwich’ (i.e. laminate) behaves as a single unit and looks like normal glass. The polymer interlayer of PVB is tough and ductile, so brittle cracks will not pass from one side of the glass to the other.
Minerals Industries
Published in Charles E. Baukal, Industrial Combustion Pollution and Control, 2003
This segment includes flat glass used in windows, car windshields, instrumentation windows, mirrors, and tabletops. The four main products are tempered glass, laminated glass, glass mirrors, and insulating units. Tempered glass is a type of safety glass produced by a thermal process where the glass is made stronger by heating and then subsequent rapid cooling, which produces surface and interior stresses. Laminated glass consists of two or more layers of glass separated by and bonded to thin layers of plastic that prevent the glass from shattering when broken. These are commonly used in automobile windshields and windows. Glass mirrors are produced by putting a reflective coating on one side. Insulating units are produced by putting two or more parallel panes of glass together separated by a gap where the unit is completely sealed to prevent air from leaking through the unit. Low thermal conductivity gases like xenon may also be used to fill the space between the glass panes to reduce the heat losses through the window. Insulating units reduce surface condensation, sound transmission, and heat loss compared to single pane windows.
Damage detection of an innovative composite slab-girder pedestrian bridge using vibration characteristics
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2022
Saima Ali, David Thambiratnam, Sabrina Fawzia, Khac Duy Nguyen, Haden Van Den Elsen, Ignacio Alvear Fujii
The literature informs that well known VBDD techniques and other methods were considered by the past researchers for identifying damages in the conventional pedestrian bridges. However, there is scope to explore the suitability of the popular VBDD techniques to detect and locate damage in the proposed innovative composite pedestrian bridges. This paper describes a combined numerical and laboratory-based experimental study undertaken to ascertain the potential of a VBDD technique for detecting and locating low levels of damage in the girder and deck of an innovative light and slender pedestrian bridge. Pedestrian bridges using light deck materials have received much attention over the past few years. Researchers have proposed new light deck materials such as aluminum (Dey, Walbridge, & Narasimhan, 2015), Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) (Votsis, Stratford, Chryssanthopoulos, & Tantele, 2017), Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Sa, Guerreiro, Gomes, Correia, & Silvestre, 2017; Wei, Russell, Zivanovic, & Mottram, 2017) and evaluated the performances of the bridge deck. In this study, a new bi-layer composite deck is considered by introducing GFRP at the bottom layer and laminated glass at the top layer of the bridge deck. Laminated GFRP is selected due to the advantages of light weight, ease of installation, aesthetics and being economical. Laminated glass is prepared using two pieces of glass with an interlayer of adhesive such as polyvinyl butyral. This material is easy to install, durable, tough and transparent.
Peridynamic method to determine energy absorption characteristics of ordinary glass under impact load
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2021
Pengfei Ma, Shuchen Li, Huiying Zhou, Shisen Zhao, Pengcheng Wang, Zeen Wan, Bin Zhi
As a type of transparent brittle material, glass has the characteristics of high strength, high hardness, and small strain, and it is widely used in daily life. Because of its good transparency, glass plays an important role in car, high-speed train, and aircraft windshield structures. Windshield glass has also been developed from an initial single layer to several interlayers, as the single-layer glass is easily broken when subjected to an impact. Laminated glass is composed of a plurality of glass and an organic polymer film between the glass layers, and it has strong resistance to breakage and good ductility, e.g. PVB laminated glass.
Application of passive measures for energy conservation in buildings – a review
Published in Advances in Building Energy Research, 2019
Farhad Amirifard, Seyed Amirhosain Sharif, Fuzhan Nasiri
The most important part of a fenestration system is the glazing as it has the largest area of the constituent parts. Thus, its U-value impacts the overall U-value of a window (Jelle et al., 2012). Recently glazing technologies have progressed tremendously. Glazing materials are presented in different forms such as multilayer glazing, suspended films, vacuum glazing, smart windows, solar cell glazing, self-cleaning glazing solar control glasses, insulating glass units, low emissivity (Low-E) coatings, evacuated glazing, aerogels and glazing cavity gas fills, just to name a few. Additional to glazing materials developments, many studies focus on improvements in frame and spacer designs (Quesada, Rousse, Dutil, Badache, & Hallé, 2012b). Both glass and plastic are common glazing material and can be clear, tinted, coated, laminated and obscured. There is a wide variety of tinted glass such as blue, grey, green and bronze. The high absorption rate of solar radiation by tinted glass can lead to reduction of the solar heat gain, visible transmittance, and glare. Coating of glasses is another method to improve the performance of glazed coating, which is typically applied in one or two surfaces of a glazing unit. The coating can be categorized in Low-Emissivity Coatings, Reflective Coatings, and Spectrally Selective Coatings. Laminated glass is made by sticking two panes of glass together, with a layer of clear, tinted or coated plastic placed in between. Obscured glass is used mostly for privacy and is translucent or decorative (ASHRAE, 2013). Sadineni et al. (2011) categorized glazing material based on their functions that include high performance insulation (HPI), solar gain control (SC), daylighting (DL), or a combination of these functions. They applied the above categorization to aerogel glazing, vacuum glazing, switchable reflective glazing, suspended particle devices (SPD) film and holographic optical elements.