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Applications in Materials Design
Published in Nirupam Chakraborti, Data-Driven Evolutionary Modeling in Materials Technology, 2023
Functionally graded materials are an emerging family of materials that are unique in terms of their properties, which change gradually as their dimensions change. In other words, their properties are graded at each point in different dimensions (Miyamoto et al., 2013). Customarily, these materials can withstand very large temperature gradients and have huge potential applications in the aerospace industry and elsewhere. These materials were studied using evolutionary algorithms (Ootao et al., 2000; Goupee and Vel, 2006), which will be briefly discussed here.
Blast, Fire, and Impact-Resistant Design
Published in Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, Advanced Steel Design of Structures, 2019
FGMs are used to create thermal barriers, anti-oxidation coatings and cemented-carbide cutting tools. Thermoelectric materials are fabricated using functionally graded materials by grading their carrier concentration (Kawasaki & Watanabe, 1987). Functionally graded materials have a continuous variation or a step-wise grading of materials, which is application specific. In FGM, the composition and microstructure are changed along the structure to generate a property gradient with the combined materials. Pores play a significant role in the mechanical ingredients of the functionally graded materials. Properties such as shock resistance, insulation can be improved with an increase in pore distribution, varying from the interior to the outer surface.
Functionally Graded Materials
Published in Z. Yang, Material Modeling in Finite Element Analysis, 2019
As revolutionary materials, functionally graded materials are a set of advanced materials with properties changing over a varying dimension. The difference between FGMs and composite materials is that sharp interfaces exist in composites, which cause fracture and failure. On the other hand, FGMs have a smooth transition from one material to another by using a gradient interface.
Thermo-mechanical interactions in a functionally graded orthotropic thermoelastic medium with rotation and gravity
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2023
Kirti Boora, Sunita Deswal, Aarti Kadian
Functionally graded materials are non-homogeneous materials that possess properties which change gradually and continuously with location within the material. Thus, for functionally graded composite, the parameters and are no longer constants but become space-dependent. Thus, we replace and by respectively, where and are supposed to be constants and is a given non dimensional function of the space variable Using these values of parameters, corresponding equations take the following form:
Two-dimensional deformations in a functionally graded orthotropic micropolar solid
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2023
Praveen Ailawalia, Deepali Gupta
In the past few decades, many engineering applications have witnessed the development of functionally graded materials. In functionally graded materials (FGMs), material properties change gradually with respect to the location of the point within the body. FGMs are usually designed to be used under high-temperature environments. hence, FGMs can easily control thermal stresses, when sudden heating or cooling happens. These types of material are broadly used in important structures such as body materials in the aerospace field and nuclear reactors. Atkinson and List (1978) discussed steady-state crack propagation in media with exponentially varying moduli. Dhaliwal and Singh (1978) and Delale and Erdogan (1983) solved crack problems for nonhomogeneous solids subjected to mechanical loads. Later Jin and Noda (1993) and Noda and Jin (1993) computed steady thermal stress intensity factors for nonhomogeneous materials. Noda and Jin (1994) and Jin and Noda (1994) also considered cracks subjected to transient thermal loads. Abd-Alla et al. (2013) analyzed radial vibrations in a functionally graded orthotropic elastic half-space subjected to rotation and gravity field. Recently Gunghas et al. (2019) and Kalkal, Gunghas, and Deswal (2020) discussed a few problems in micropolar functionally graded materials.
Plane wave propagation and fundamental solution in functionally graded couple stress micropolar thermoelastic solid with diffusion and voids
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Sangeeta Malik, Deepa Gupta, Krishan Kumar, Raj Kumar Sharma
Functionally graded materials are those materials whose properties change gradually with respect to their dimensions. Due to spatial variations in the material constants associated with the solid, functionally gradedness is present. Saha et al. [38] investigated the reflection and refraction of plane wave at the separating interface of two functionally graded incompressible monoclinic media under initial stress and gravity. Poonam et al. [39] studied plane wave propagation in functionally graded isotropic couple stress thermoelastic solid media under initial stress and gravity. In the present problem, we have discussed plane wave propagation and established the fundamental solution of differential equations in case of steady oscillations for functionally graded couple stress micropolar thermoelastic solid with diffusion and voids. Some special cases and basic properties are also studied. We found that four coupled waves namely plane wave(P), thermal wave(T), mass diffusion wave(MD), rotational wave(R) and a set of two coupled waves namely transverse waves(SV1 and SV2) are propagating with different phase velocities and the characteristics (phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, penetration depth, specific loss) of all the waves are affected by the couple stress and voids of the medium. The analysis of fundamental solution is very beneficial for solving the various problems of functionally graded micropolar thermoelastic solid and graphical analysis of this study has wide range applications in different fields of geophysics, aerospace and electronic engineering.