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Smart 3D Nano-Printing in Automobile Industry
Published in Ajit Behera, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Ram K. Gupta, Smart 3D Nanoprinting, 2023
The automotive market uses SLA-based 3D printing extensively for manufacturing vehicle components and their prototyping, even for parts that are directly introduced in the product. BMW, Lamborghini, and Jaguar Land Rover all have embraced this new trend, generating design concepts, functioning prototypes, and finished parts in-house without outsourcing them to vendors. This approach is not only beneficial to designers and the research and development wings, but it may also significantly decrease costs and shorten the time it takes for new innovative designs to reach the market [22]. Stereolithography technology can produce concept models, rapid prototypes, and complicated products with complicated topologies in a shorter time. The parts can be made from a variety of materials having higher resolutions and good surface textures. SL uses an ultraviolet laser-assisted process directed on a liquid thermostat resin. Each subsequent layer is imaged on the resin surface, after which it is given the desired 3D shape as programmed in the CAD software.
Liquid-Based Additive Manufacturing Systems
Published in G.K. Awari, C.S. Thorat, Vishwjeet Ambade, D.P. Kothari, Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technology, 2021
G.K. Awari, C.S. Thorat, Vishwjeet Ambade, D.P. Kothari
The stereolithography apparatus (SLA) process was the first commercialized RP process and represents the stereolithography process. Stereolithography, patented in 1986, started a rapid prototyping revolution. It works on the concept of solidifying a photosensitive resin using a UV light layer-by-layer laser to create a 3D model. Stereolithography uses photocurable resins that can be classified as epoxy, vinyl, or acrylate. Acrylics cure only about 75% or 80% since curing stops as soon as UV light is removed. Epoxies tend to heal even when the laser is not in contact. The device, as shown in Figure 3.1, consists of a platform which is moved down as each layer is formed in a resin-containing tank. In the X–Y plane, the laser light is moved by a positioning system. In some cases, a support structure must be set up to support the overhanging parts. Some of the commercial SLA machines are shown in Figure 3.2.
The Future of Systems Engineering
Published in Lory Mitchell Wingate, Systems Engineering for Projects, 2018
An example of the radical changes that could revolutionize the medical industry, as well as many interfacing industries, is the success of using three-dimensional (3D) printing for pharmaceutical drugs. Although the technology of 3D printing has matured during the previous decade from manufacturing into foods and other products, the process of stereolithography, which uses a layering technique to form a physical design, has now been identified as a potential method for developing ingestible, tailor-made drugs. A system such as this, integrated with the health information compiled by the technology as discussed previously, would radically change the requirements for medicines. Optimal dosing, drug combinations to optimize performance, and micro-dosing would impact the lives of the patients who would only have to take one small dose, specifically designed for their genetic makeup. Artificial intelligence could add value by searching for solutions that would meet very specific criteria for that individual. Other relevant examples are miniaturized “pass-thru” or implantable devices that would perform diagnosis, or tailored gene therapy that would transform activities within the body.
Use of additive manufacturing for the fabrication of cellular and lattice materials: a review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Esmeralda Uribe-Lam, Cecilia D. Treviño-Quintanilla, Enrique Cuan-Urquizo, Oscar Olvera-Silva
Stereolithography is the oldest technique in processing plastics in an additive way, and since then it is the most popular technique for these applications.[63] Manapat and coworkers [64] proposed a classification for stereolithography techniques based on the platform motion and the movement of the laser beam. This is summarized in Fig. 6. This classification distinguishes a variation of this technique called digital light processing (DLP). The main difference is the light source used for solidification, which in turn will affect the final surface of the printed part and the manufacturing time.[65] The main differences between stereolithography and digital light processing are depicted in Fig. 7. Stereolithography uses a laser beam that solidifies the polymer across the print area, creating a point and line pattern layer-by-layer. On the other hand, digital light processing (DLP) uses a digital projector that flashes an image of each layer across the print area, creating a pattern composed of square volumetric pixels or bricks known as voxels. The resolution of digital light processing depends on the projector, which restricts the dimensions of the voxels. In contrast, stereolithography resolution is not dependent on the laser beam.
Review of Heat Exchangers Enabled by Polymer and Polymer Composite Additive Manufacturing
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2018
David C. Deisenroth, Ramin Moradi, Amir H. Shooshtari, Farah Singer, Avram Bar-Cohen, Michael Ohadi
Stereolithography offers reasonable build speed and good dimensional accuracy [25], with precision applications reaching to micron-level resolution [13]. A common and reliable SLA machine, the SLA® 5000 by 3D Systems, has 200 to 300 µm of vertical resolution and ±13 µm of position repeatability with a part size 508 × 508 × 584 mm [26]. Components constructed with stereolithography are inherently limited to photopolymer materials. Since the build bath is a liquid, overhanging features are prone to creep, and therefore must be supported with a scaffold that is commonly integrated into the build design and removed in a post-processing operation. In locations where the build layer perimeter is offset from the previous build layer, a “stepping” effect occurs due to the thickness of each layer. The stereolithography process can be optimized for fast build time, minimal use of support structures, or smooth surface finish (minimizing stair-step effect) without significantly affecting mechanical properties [27]. Furthermore, SLA is far more isotropic than other PAM methods [27].