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Production of Multifunctional Carbon Nanotubes for Sensor and Water Treatment Apolications
Published in Swamini Chopra, Kavita Pande, Vincent Shantha Kumar, Jitendra A. Sharma, Novel Applications of Carbon Based Nano-Materials, 2023
Kingsley I. John, Aderemi Timothy Adeleye, Abesa Solomon, A.A. Audu
In the 1980s, the only type of carbon was amorphous, diamond, and graphite. Other variants of carbon, such as fullerene (C60), were discovered later. There are over 30 forms of fullerene (C32, C50, C70, C72, and C84 and CNTs, which are part of such linear molecules. As shown in Figure 1 above, fullerene is a spherical molecule arranged in a soccer ball shape consisting of carbon atoms. It consists of a fused system of five and six-membered rings (Ahamad et al. 2019). In 1952, the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry published candid photographs of carbon tubes with a diameter of about 50 nm as investigated by Radushkevich and Lukyanovich. A researcher from Hyperion Catalysis named Howard G. Tennent obtained a US patent to produce ‘cylindrical discrete carbon fibrils’ in 1987. John Abrahamson, in 1979, also presented evidence of carbon nanotubes (Clegg et al. 2019). Though research on carbon nanotubes has been carried out previously, a significant proportion of scholarly and mainstream literature commonly credits discovering hollow, nanometer-sized graphite carbon tubes to the Nippon Electric Company’s Sumio Iijima in 1991 (Li et al. 2020). He accidentally discovered it from his desire to ascertain fullerene’s molecular structure and examine their crystals’ growth (Amjadi et al. 2017). In 1993, Iijimi and Donald Bethune found the single-walled nanotubes known as buckytubes.
Carbon Nanomaterial Embedded Membranes for Heavy Metal Separation
Published in Shrikaant Kulkarni, Iuliana Stoica, A.K. Haghi, Carbon Nanotubes for a Green Environment, 2022
Pallavi Mahajan-Tatpate, Supriya Dhume, Yogesh Chendake
Fullerene: Allotrope of carbon having hollow structure, closed caged either pentagonal or hexagonal ring and spherical or ellipsoid in shape and look like a ball are termed as fullerene. It has carbon atoms (60, 70, 78, or more) on its surface, and when it has 60 atoms on its surface, it has a stable and spherical shape. They possess good electron affinity, hydrophilic, good strength, and surface-to-volume ratio is high. Because of these properties, fullerene is used in semiconductors, solar cells, biomedical science, and surface coatings.
A Review on Fullerenes and its Applications in Health Care Sector
Published in Sarika Verma, Raju Khan, Avanish Kumar Srivastava, Advanced Nanocarbon Materials, 2022
M. Sundararajan, L. Athira, R. A. Renjith, M. Prasanna, R. G. Rejith, S. Ramaswamy, Sarika Verma, M. A. Mohammed-Aslam
Fullerene has structural similarity with graphite, in which each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three of its neighbours. Hence, it conducts electricity. Fullerene has outstanding mechanical rigidity. The fullerite crystal is very soft under normal conditions, but, under pressure, it changes to a hard, rigid material harder than diamond. This occurs due to 3-D polymerization. Fullerenes are extensively used for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, X-ray imaging, high-performance MRI, and so on (Lalwani and Sitharaman 2013). Fullerenes are widely used for cancer treatment. Fullerene can be absorbed by the tumour cells with the help of functional groups such as folic acid, L-arginine, and L-phenylalanine. Once it is absorbed and exposed to light radiation, it eliminates the DNA, lipids, and proteins that make up the cancer cell (Brown et al. 2004). Fullerenes have been a subject in material science, nanotechnology, and electronics of intense research for both their technological aspects and their chemistry (Belkin et al. 2015).
An endophytic fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum conjugated with C60 fullerene for its potential antimitotic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and photodegradation activities
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
M. Govindappa, A. Vishaka, B.S. Akshatha, Dimple Popli, N. Sunayana, C. Srinivas, Arivalagan Pugazhendhi, Vinay B. Raghavendra
C60 fullerene, the most abundantly produced allotrope of carbon is manufactured by heating graphite [3]. C60 fullerene is composed of carbon atoms, in the form of hollow spheres, which are highly symmetrical in nature [4]. The surface of C60 fullerene consists of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons and the rings are fused to form double bonds. As a result of the unique chemical structure, fullerene has antiviral activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity and it is used in drug delivery [5]. C60 fullerene has been proved to carry genes and drugs; moreover, fullerene can enter easily the cell membrane where it will bind to mitochondria, which enhances its efficiency for delivering drugs. Fullerene is non-toxic, and can easily be loaded to biological sources including plants, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and viruses [6]. Many reports showed that fullerenes are responsible for DNA damage and ROS in mammalian cell lines [7]. Fullerenes are responsible for increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, cytotoxicity genotoxicity and also observed oxidative damage in the liver, colon and lungs [8].
On the surface interaction of C60 with superalkalis: a computational approach
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
After the discovery of C60 fullerene [1], carbon nanostructures played a key role in the development of new advanced materials having potential applications ranging from solar cells to cancer therapy [2]. Due to its high electron affinity, fullerene can transport the charge effectively and consequently, can be used as a potential acceptor in photovoltaic cells [3]. Furthermore, C60 can act as an excellent electrophile and form stable C60n− systems, for n = 1–6, with the addition of electrons [4]. The space within the C60 allows encapsulating atoms or clusters, forming endohedral fullerenes [5–8]. When these atoms or clusters are attached to the outer surface of the C60, an exohedral fullerene is formed. One of the important applications of exohedral fullerene is the superconducting behaviour of M3C60 (M = alkali metal) complexes with high transition temperature [9]. The reduction of C60 is also important due to the fact that neutral C60 shows poor reactivity towards electrophiles. This reduction to fullerenides activates the fullerene cage as C60 anions become electron-rich and consequently, react with electrophiles. Varganov et al. [10] studied the exohedral and endohedral complexes of C60 with Li atom. In this work, we study the interaction of C60 and superalkali (SA) clusters, which leads to SAC60 complexes.
Electronic structures and spectral characteristics of five C28 fullerene and C30 fullerene isomers by XPS and NEXAFS spectra
Published in Molecular Physics, 2021
Ruo-Yu Wang, Huan-Yu Ji, Xiu-Neng Song, Yong Ma, Chuan-Kui Wang
Since C was discovered in 1985 [1], more and more fullerenes were prepared and characterised. Because of its excellent superconductivity, unique physical properties and chemical structure, fullerene has become the focus of scientists' research. At present, fullerenes provide a broad development background for modern science such as physics, medicine, materials science and biology. However, there are still many difficulties in the theoretical and experimental study of fullerenes. Especially, the number of isomers increased rapidly with the number of fullerenes molecules [2]. Because of the isolated pentagon rule (IPR) [3], the cages' higher curvatures lead to the unstability of small fullerenes [4,5]. Both C and C are small fullerene, and the C is one of the fullerenes with excellent properties [6]. Therefore, the characterisation of fullerene is extremely important in research. There are many classical characterisation methods, such as soft X-ray spectrum, mass spectrometry (MS), Infrared Radiation spectrum (IR), Raman spectrum, C NMR, etc. [4,7–9], among which soft X-ray spectrum is widely used in experimental and theoretical aspects as a very effective means to distinguish the isomers of fullerene. In this work, the isomers of fullerenes C and C were theoretically identified by soft X-ray spectroscopies.