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Recent Advancement in Phytoremediation for Removal of Toxic Compounds
Published in Amit Kumar, Chhotu Ram, Nanobiotechnology for Green Environment, 2021
Yilkal Bezie, Mengistie Taye, Amit Kumar
The phytoremediation process is dependent on edaphic factors and soil chemistry; whereas, the soil pH, conductivity, porosity, nutrient levels, and presence of soil microbes are instrumental in deciding the uptake mechanisms of the plants. Climate is also a factor to determine the remediation either positively or negatively. Stressed climate reduces the biomass of the plant and prolongs the remediation time. Another factor that might hamper the phytoremediation potential is the age of the plant. Younger plants could remediate better than older plants. Older plants might hold more toxic pollutants. Agronomic practice and soil amendment may negatively influence the mobility of contaminates (Mahar et al., 2016). Transgenic plants may be an environmental concern as well as human or animal health concerns if the horizontal gene pollution happened. In the case of transgenic plants, the possible risk and the proper management techniques during transformation should be considered.
Nanofertilizers: Importance in Nutrient Management
Published in Sunil K. Deshmukh, Mandira Kochar, Pawan Kaur, Pushplata Prasad Singh, Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2023
Mona Nagargade, Vishal Tyagi, Dileep Kumar, SK Shukla, AD Pathak
There are three factors which affect the uptake, assimilation, and utilization of nanomaterials used as fertilizers Plant factor: Type of crop, varieties, age of plant, type of plant part exposed to the fertilizers and leaf properties.Edaphic factor: Organic matter content, pH, electrical conductivity, soil texture, soil structure, soil moisture, and microbial population.Environmental factor: Temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind velocity, and solar radiation.
Organic Chemicals
Published in Eliot Epstein, LAND APPLICATION of SEWAGE SLUDGE and BIOSOLIDS, 2002
Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are used to quantify plant contamination. Organic chemicals can enter the plant from a contaminated soil and be translocated in the plant through the xylem. The compound needs to be soluble, since the xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves by transpiration. Organic compounds can also enter through the leaves from the atmosphere and be translocated by the phloem. These pathways are a function of (a) the chemical and physical nature of the compound, such as lipophilicity and water solubility; (b) environmental factors such as ambient temperature; (c) edaphic factors such as organic content of the soil; and (d) plant species (Simonich and Hites, 1995).
Nickel hyperaccumulation, elemental profiles and agromining potential of three species of Odontarrhena from the ultramafics of Western Iran
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Mohammad Ghafoori, Mansour Shariati, Antony van der Ent, Alan J. M. Baker
Ultramafic rocks occur on the Earth’s continental surface and are derived from oceanic crusts and mantle emplaced during plate tectonic processes (Moores 2011). Ultramafic soils derived from these rocks are enriched in ferromagnesian minerals, such as peridotite and pyroxenite (Kruckeberg 2004) and occupy <1% of the total surface of Earth, in both temperate (e.g., California, Turkey, and Iran) and tropical areas (e.g., Cuba, Indonesia, and New Caledonia) (Kidd et al. 2018; Moghadam et al. 2019). They are characterized by extreme chemical factors including high Mg and Fe concentrations, a low calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) quotient, and elevated concentrations of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) (Alves et al. 2011). These features, especially the low Ca and high concentrations of Ni and Mg, are the main cause for the toxicity of ultramafic soils (Brooks 1987). Furthermore, these soils are also often characterized by a deficiency of essential elements such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) (Gordon and Lipman 1926; Brooks 1987; Proctor and Woodell 1975). The edaphic factors that plants must tolerate including both physical (drought) and chemical (nutrient deficiency and possible metal toxicity) conditions (Kruckeberg 1985). Consequently, ultramafic soils host a specialized and depauperate flora compared to neighboring non-ultramafic soils. The combined effects of these edaphic factors are responsible for the so-called “serpentine syndrome” (Jenny 1980). Endemic ultramafic plants have evolved specific mechanisms to cope with these soils during thousands of years of natural selection (Whiting et al. 2002) and these systems provide an ideal model for investigating evolutionary, ecological, and conservational aspects of these floras (Harrison and Rajakaruna 2011). Ultramafic soils often host numerous endemic plant species in many regions of the world, as for example, in California, Cuba, and New Caledonia which host at least 215, 854 and 1,150 endemic taxa, respectively (Anacker 2011).