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Historical developments and milestones in unsaturated soil mechanics
Published in H. Rahardjo, D.G. Toll, E.C. Leong, Unsaturated Soils for Asia, 2020
The graph would also appear to indicate that although engineers have attempt to relate the behavior of unsaturated soils to soil suction, there has not been extensive research devoted to the measurement of soil suction. Fundamental studies on soil suction may have often been left to the soil science and soil physics disciplines. It would seem that more attention should be given to the measurement of soil suction and its components.
Weathering
Published in Aurèle Parriaux, Geology, 2018
Weathering includes a group of processes that transforms rocks into mechanically weak, easily eroded material. Weathering affects mineralogy and the physical structure of a rock. Surface weathering is controlled by climate and shallow groundwater flow; it extends to a depth of several meters. It is the cause of soil genesis (pedology = soil science). Deep weathering alters the mineralogical composition of rocks at depth in areas of circulating hydrothermal fluids (§ 6.4.1).
Weathering
Published in Aurèle Parriaux, Geology, 2018
Weathering includes a group of processes that transforms rocks into mechanically weak, easily eroded material. Weathering affects mineralogy and the physical structure of a rock. Surface weathering is controlled by climate and shallow groundwater flow; it extends to a depth of several meters. It is the cause of soil genesis (pedology = soil science). Deep weathering alters the mineralogical composition of rocks at depth in areas of circulating hydrothermal fluids (§ 6.4.1).
Examining environmental constraints in sport: Spin characteristics of two cricket pitches with contrasting soil properties
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Rian H. Crowther, Adam D. Gorman, Wayne A. Spratford, Mark G. Sayers, Alex Kountouris
The soil properties of two different pitches were analysed using core samples that were 16 mm in diameter and 100 mm in depth. The first pitch was designed to replicate the typical characteristics of a CAP. The second pitch, BIP, was designed to replicate the typical characteristics of international pitches in countries such as India. Samples were analysed for physical properties by Australia Environment and Soil Sciences (SESL) (“SESL Australia, Environment and Soil Sciences,” 2015), a National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) accredited laboratory (“National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia,” 2018). Soil particles greater than 0.05 mm were classified as sand; particles between 0.049 and 0.002 were classified as silt; and particles less than 0.002 were classified as clay (James et al., 2004b; “SESL Australia, Environment and Soil Sciences,” 2015). Moisture content was assessed by the linear shrinkage method, where water is added to the soil until it reaches the liquid limit. It is then left to dry at room temperature for 24 hrs before being transferred into an oven and dried between 105–110°C. The linear shrinkage is then determined by assessing the weight loss of the soil (expressed as a percentage of the dry weight) which has also been referred to as the gravimetric moisture content (James et al., 2004b). Organic matter is expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the soil, giving indication to the fertility of the soil. The grass type was the same on both pitches; wintergreen couch grass. The surface grass content of the pitching area on both pitches was even with no visible bare batches, grass was cut at 6 mm. The coefficient of restitution (CoR) was determined for each pitch by releasing a ball from a height of 6 m directly onto the calibrated pitching area and determining the final-to-initial ratio of the ball velocity before and after impact with the pitch surface (James et al., 2004a). Final and initial velocity were determined by the distance the ball travelled over five frames before and after impact and was captured by a high-speed camera (Basler Aca2000 – 165uc) operating at 250 fps. The ball was dropped via a release mechanism mounted to an overhead tripod which was positioned over the calibrated pitching area (see cameras b and c in Figure 1). Finally, the BIP was prepared with only a light roller (custom made hand roller weighing 200 kg) while the CAP was prepared using a Mentay 2000 roller.