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Strategies for Achieving Electrically Conducting Textile Fabrics
Published in Robert Mather, John Wilson, Solar Textiles, 2023
A great many techniques for conferring conductivity on textile fabrics have been devised, and a few illustrative examples are given here. More detailed information can be obtained from a review by Tseghai et al. (2020). One approach to conferring conductivity is printing a conductive ink or paste onto the fabric. For example, conductive inks can be applied by screen printing, a historic process for the decorative printing of textile fabrics. Traditional screen printing involves pressing ink through a stencilled mesh screen to create a desired design. The screen was traditionally made of silk, though nowadays is usually woven polyester. To create a conducting fabric, a metal paste – commonly silver paste – is applied. The method allows only selected areas of the fabric to be made conductive if desired. The metal deposited on the fabric must be sufficiently thick to impart high enough conductivity, so several passes may be required. However, care has to be taken that after drying the deposited metal does not crack when the fabric is bent or folded. Indeed, screen-printed conductive textile fabrics are quite susceptible to stresses caused by bending and abrasion.
Wearable/Implantable Devices for Monitoring Systems
Published in Manuel Cardona, Vijender Kumar Solanki, Cecilia E. García Cena, Internet of Medical Things, 2021
Wearable antennas are one of the key research areas of body-centric communications. These types of antennas must have low cost, be lightweight, have simple installation with almost zero maintenance. These types of antennas are useful for people of all age groups and occupations (such as firefighters, military personnel and paramedics) for monitoring purposes. Fabric-based antennas are mainly utilized for wearable applications. In the antenna configuration, the conductive textile elements like Flectron, Zelt and pure copper taffeta fabrics can be employed as the radiator; whereas non-conductive textile elements like fleece, felt and silk can be used as dielectric substrates. The relative permittivity values for these materials are not freely available and need to be measured. The different types of wearable antennas are described below.
Components and Devices
Published in Katsuyuki Sakuma, Krzysztof Iniewski, Flexible, Wearable, and Stretchable Electronics, 2020
Development of circuits using flexible and stretchable transistors will improve integration into wearable applications compared to discrete rigid electronics. Further improvements could be achieved by integration of the devices directly into textiles. One way to achieve this is the use of a planarization layer on the textile to enable direct fabrication, which is the approach taken by Carey et al. [95]. Using inkjet printing to deposit a graphene channel and boron nitride dielectric, they formed a 2D heterojunction device, which showed good performance, even after bending and washing tests. Rather than use the textile as a substrate, Kim et al. [96] developed a conductive textile, which was used as the gate electrode in a flexible organic TFT. Scalable realisation of fibre-based TFTs is challenging due to the performance dependence on certain device dimensions (such as dielectric thickness). To overcome this, Hamedi et al. [97] investigated the use of wire electrochemical transistors. They patterned electrodes with regular gaps onto a fibre before coating with an organic semiconductor. Another fibre acts as the gate electrode, with an ionic liquid as the dielectric.
Investigation of fetal ECG signal using textile-based electrodes
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Roya Aghadavod, Mohammad Zarrebini, Mohsen Shanbeh, Farzaneh Shayegh, Fahimeh Sabet
Development of textile-based electrodes is one of the main issues of recent smart textile research. Suction and Ag/AgCl electrodes are generally not suitable for long-term monitoring because they have been reported to cause skin allergies, including skin irritation and dermal inflammation. Also, the skin of the subject needs to be shaved and cleaned with alcohol. Therefore, researchers are currently developing alternative electrodes that can be used anywhere. Dry electrodes seem to be a very promising alternative for use in long-term ECG monitoring. Conductive textiles are used in dry contact electrodes and these materials are soft and flexible. Conductive textile can be made of various types of conductive yarn. Conductive textiles are increasing in popularity because it does not cause skin irritation, they are good options for long-term applications or home healthcare monitoring devices, they are easy to use, soft and flexible, can be embedded inside garments, does not need skin preparation and it is possible to reuse them. Moreover, Ease of production for clothing manufacturers, abrasion resistance, stain resistance, flexibility, maintaining good contact with body surfaces, chemical resistance against secretions such as sweat and prevention of skin irritation for wearers are the main advantages of the textile electrodes compared to conventional electrodes (Cho et al., 2011; Das & Park, 2017; Euler et al., 2021; Guo et al., 2020; Taji et al., 2014).
Electrical behavior investigation of sewn textile transmission paths on weft-knitted fabrics used for muscle activity monitoring
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Abdel Salam Malek, Ashraf Elnahrawy, Doaa Wagdy
In order to transmit and monitor signals in smart electronic textiles, conductivity and resistivity are the most significant electrical properties in characterizing conductive textile materials for smart garment applications. Hence, the electrical conductivity of conductive threads varies according to the final end-use. However, for bio-textile applications, the electrical resistance should be minimal to maintain the goals of being wearable and contribute significantly to diseases diagnoses and detection. The electrical resistance is a measure that prevents the passage of electrical current in the circuit. The measurement unit of resistance is ohm (Ω) and can be calculated according to the ohm law when dividing the applied voltage by the current (AATCC Test Method 84, 2018). Accordingly, the surface electrical resistance of electronic textiles can be measured. This electrical test is commonly used in determining the electrical properties of materials as textile threads and electric wires because it is suitable for measurement and easy to conclude. The value of the resistance is calculated from the relationship:
Conductive cotton fabric using laser pre-treatment and electroless plating
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2025
Zuhaib Hassan, Ozgur Atalay, Fatma Kalaoglu
Electronic textiles are an emerging field where various applications such as health monitoring (Ryu et al., 2015; Witt et al., 2012), sports performance training (Narinc & Gurarslan, 2018), security (Zhang et al., 2016), military (Gurarslan, 2019), and entertainment (Moazzenchi & Montazer, 2020) are demonstrated. Owing to their innovative applications in many fields, including wearable electronics (Payne et al., 2018; Zeng et al., 2014), smart sensory (Atalay et al., 2017; Park et al., 2010), and actuator systems (Horrocks et al., 2000), conductive textile fabrics have become a fast-growing area.