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Complying with Rigging and Material Handling Safety
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Surviving an OSHA Audit, 2020
The most widely used type of rope sling in industry is the cable-laid 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 wire rope. Wire rope is a twisted bundle of cold drawn steel wires, usually composed of wires, strands, and a core. When used in rope slings, wire ropes must have a minimum clear length of wire rope, ten times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves, or end fittings. The main reasons for the wide usage of wire over fiber rope are its greater strength, durability, predictability of stretch characteristics when placed under heavy stresses, and stable physical characteristics over a wide variety of environmental conditions. The main advantages of wire rope that is preformed are its lessened tendency to unwind, set, kink, or generate sharp protruding wires.
Continuous probability distributions
Published in Andrew Metcalfe, David Green, Tony Greenfield, Mahayaudin Mansor, Andrew Smith, Jonathan Tuke, Statistics in Engineering, 2019
Andrew Metcalfe, David Green, Tony Greenfield, Mahayaudin Mansor, Andrew Smith, Jonathan Tuke
The specification for the breaking load of a wire rope is that it exceeds 8 tonnes. Assume that the breaking loads have a normal distribution with a mean of 8.45. Suppose the standard deviation is 0.20. Find the probability that a rope has a breaking load below 8.00 in terms of the function Φ(z)?To what value must the standard deviation be reduced if the proportion of ropes with breaking load below 8.00 is to be 0.1%?
Rigging and Material Handling Safety
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
The most widely used type of rope sling in industry is the cable-laid 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 wire rope. By definition, wire rope is a twisted bundle of cold-drawn steel wires, usually composed of wires, strands, and a core. When used in rope slings, wire ropes must have a minimum clear length of wire rope 10 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves, or end fittings. The main reasons for the wide usage of wire over fiber rope are its greater strength, durability, predictability of stretch characteristics when placed under heavy stresses and its stable physical characteristics over a wide variety of environmental conditions. The main advantages of wire rope that is preformed are its lessened tendency to unwind, set, kink, or generate sharp protruding wires.
Mechanical and Wear Behavior of Steel Wires in Typical Contact Area under Tension–Tension Fatigue
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2022
Zhen Hu, Enyuan Wang, Fuyin Jia
Steel wire rope is a complex load-bearing component that consists of strands that are made by twisting multiple steel wires. It is widely used in lifting, transportation, and traction equipment or systems because of its strong bearing capacity and high flexibility (1, 2), where terminal mass variation and acceleration are the dominating sources of axial load fluctuation, which induces tension–tension fatigue and fretting wear between the steel wires. A crucial consideration in the structural design of steel wire rope is tension–tension fatigue resistance under cyclic loading (3). The fretting wear leads to crack initiation, expansion, and final fracture, which seriously deteriorates tension–tension fatigue resistance and thus shortens the service life of wire rope (4, 5). Hence, studying the evolution of fretting wear under cyclic loading is of great importance for improving the performance and reliability of steel wire rope.
Optimization of torsion and wear characteristics on reinforced steel wire rope
Published in Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 2022
Saravana Kumar Palanisamy, Manonmani Krishnaswamy
In several constructional areas and Industries, the application of material handling equipment is very common, especially in tower cranes. It is used to lift heavy-loaded items from one place to another. Several hazards are faced by such a material handling process during lifting the heavily loaded products. This may also suffer the employee’s health in industries. Mainly in the construction area, the dynamic and continuous operation of wire ropes results in complete crane failure. Normally, wear and fatigue are the most common factors of wire rope failure (Mouradi, El Barkany, and El Biyaali 2018). Thus, it is necessary to improve the strength of the wire rope or the conditional monitoring required. Failure prevention in the early stage is more favorable than the continuous monitoring of wire ropes. In this work, two different alternate materials namely granite and rutile particles are used to reinforce the parent steel material. The wire rope is an intricate mechanical structure and it is a difficult task for evaluating the stress state, which is formed on the wire rope itself. It is possible, particularly for loading conditions with simple geometries, that the stress state can be determined accurately. Due to the strands, the geometry of the rope is tricky. The strands are made up of wrapped wire and folded around the core (Mouradi, El Barkany, and El Biyaali 2018). Because of boundary, wire interaction, and loading condition, the structural analysis of ropes always involve strong linearity. The rope is normally wounded on a drum or a pulley. Steel wire rope is used in cranes, mine haulage, lifts, etc. the steel wire rope fails due to tension, wear, fatigue, corrosion, and bending (Kim, Ham, and Kwon 2014). The two main reasons for the failure are corrosion and wear. When the wear rate increases, the protective layer of the steel wire will be exposed to corrosion and then the material’s internal composition will be affected (Chang et al. 2020).