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Recommended properties for advanced numerical analysis
Published in Paulo B. Lourenço, Angelo Gaetani, Finite Element Analysis for Building Assessment, 2022
Paulo B. Lourenço, Angelo Gaetani
Wrought iron is an iron-based alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.1%), with good compressive and tensile strength. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant and easily weldable. Its strength is mostly influenced by the orientation of slag strands and the degree of working after manufacture, which give wrought iron its unique fibrous structure, but it is also dependent on the quality of manufacture. The working process results in an anisotropic laminar structure with a low tensile strength perpendicularly to the grain. Wrought iron is ductile and can undergo substantial deformation before fracture.
Iron and steel
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Until Henry Bessemer introduced his process for the mass-production of steel in 1856, all steel was made from wrought iron. Nowadays, wrought iron is no longer produced, except perhaps in small quantities for decorative purposes (though much of the ornamental ‘wrought iron’ work is in fact mild steel). The Bessemer process, too, is obsolete, and, as far as steel production in the United Kingdom is concerned, has been followed into obscurity by the open-hearth process, though the latter is still used in a few countries abroad. In Britain, the bulk of steel is made either by one of the basic oxygen processes developed since 1952 or in the electric-arc furnace.
Iron–Carbon Phase Diagram
Published in Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak, Phase Transformations and Heat Treatments of Steels, 2020
Bankim Chandra Ray, Rajesh Kumar Prusty, Deepak Nayak
The characteristic properties of wrought iron are because of the nature of the slag distribution, i.e., the presence of threadlike slag fibers in the soft ferrite matrix, such as good machinability, excellent shock and corrosion resistance, and good weldability. Wrought iron has a wide range of industrial applications, including railroads, ship buildings, oil industries, crane hooks, anchors, and architectural purposes.
Experimental Characterization of Ancient Metal Tie-Rods in Historic Masonry Buildings
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
Chiara Calderini, Paolo Piccardo, Rita Vecchiattini
Metal tie-rods, commonly used in Italy starting from the 15th century, are made of forged iron bars with pseudo-circular or quadrangular sections (diameter or side in the range 20 ÷ 55 mm). These are connected to the masonry structure with anchor bars inserted at their eye-end. They are made out of wrought iron issued from traditional smelting processes (either using a bloomery, a shaft or a blast furnace), followed by a partial process of slag removal through hot forge before to proceed to the shaping step. The manufacturing protocol from metal smelting to final product makes the iron base bars quite different from the modern ones made out of industrial carbon steel.
Characterization and Joining of an Historical Ferrous Tie-Rod
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019
P. Matteis, G. Scavino, G. Ferro
Therefore, the final product of both processes, which was and is called wrought iron, is a low-carbon ferrous material, without any intentional alloy additions, but with a significant amount of impurity elements and slag inclusions. The slag inclusions are elongated in the direction of maximum forging deformation, and the wrought iron is inhomogeneous, exhibiting a large variability in its carbon content.