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Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
Published in Douglas O. J. deSá, Instrumentation Fundamentals for Process Control, 2019
Another way of making the system less prone to catastrophic failure is to build in redundancy or fault tolerance. The control processor is duplicated, and both the CPs carry identical configurations. Transfer of process information, totally transparent to the user, is made to both processors simultaneously. In the event of a processor failure, the operator is made aware as soon as it occurs, to enable steps to be taken to remedy the situation; but the control system continues uninterrupted with the task of maintaining the process and the overall plant in the meanwhile. Fault tolerance can be implemented throughout the entire system, i.e., from the FBMs through the communications networks, right up to the supervisory computers; but there is a financial burden, which the user must consider.
Tailings Disposal
Published in Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger, Mining and the Environment, 2019
Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger
In any discussion of tailings disposal, it is important that the risk of failure is recognized. The causes of failure are many and varied. The world-wide experience of tailings storage failures includes many incidents involving: (1) overtopping of tailings impoundments caused by unexpectedly large rainfall events; (2) collapse of tailings dams due to foundation failure; (3) internal erosion or piping, leading to collapse of tailings embankments; (4) earthquake damage leading to overtopping or collapse; and (5) human error in terms of inadequate design, poor construction or inappropriate operating practices. In some cases, catastrophic failure involved loss of life and widespread environmental damage (ICOLD 2001, UNEP 2001).
Optimal periodic replacement policy for a warranted product subject to multi modes failure process
Published in Journal of Management Analytics, 2019
The consequences due to minor and catastrophic failure have also been studied extensively in the literature. Huang and Askin (2003) studied a complex product where a minor failure incurs with probability p while catastrophic failure incurs with probability 1 – p. The catastrophic failure causes larger damages, such as overhaul, system stoppage for longer than usual time, environmental cost, safety cost, etc., as compared to a minor failure. The similar cost structure for minor and catastrophic failures are studied by Alkazimi and Grantham (2015), Aljaroudi, Khan, Akinturk, Haddara, and Thodi (2015), Choi, Blaabjerg, and Lee (2015) and Afrinaldi, Taufik, Zhang, and Hasan (2017). Wang (2002) termed the costs due to the catastrophic failure as the penalty cost. In this paper, we also use the term penalty cost for the costs generate due to catastrophic failure.
FRF-based structural parameters estimation using strain data: sensitivity equation, measurement and excitation selection
Published in Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering, 2018
Ahmad Beyhaqi, Akbar Esfandiari
Natural events such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, deterioration due to ageing, corrosion, fatigue and changes in load characteristics, may lead to sudden catastrophic failure of the engineering structures along with the potential threat to human life and economic loss. Therefore, depending on the importance of structure usage and risk, the target structure needs to be equipped with appropriate sensors for inspection and monitoring. In the same context, it should be emphasized that common damage-detection methods such as acoustic or ultrasonic, radiography, eddy current are either visual or localized methods. All these methods need a primary knowledge of the damage location, moreover, the damaged area should be readily accessible. As a result of the aforementioned limitations, these experimental methods are able to detect damage on or near the surface of the structure. Hence, global damage detection methods, which can be applied to complex structures, led to the development of methods that examine changes in the structural response for damage diagnosis [1,2].