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Metal–Crucible Interactions
Published in Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy, Metal–Crucible Interactions, 2023
Over thousands of years of metalmaking, certain devices have evolved, in one form or another, as the key features of the smelting furnace. One is the tuyere, a pipe through which air can be forced into the smouldering coke, then the bellows or blower, an implement for forcing air into the tuyere, and the hearth, a place where the burning fuel can be contained over or against the tuyere opening. Traditionally, hearths have been built of mud-brick, fired brick, stone, or later, refractories of every description.
The intensifying pulverized coal combustion in blast furnace
Published in Vladimir Litvinenko, Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Resources 2019, 2019
Investigations were carried out on blast oxygen enriched to 25% and atmospheric blast (oxygen delivery to the blower inlet was stopped). The amount of oxygen delivered through the tuyere corresponded to the oxygen consumption for blast enrichment of the furnace. Each trial included two experiments, carried out in sequence with an interval of several minutes: probing of the hearth while oxygen was delivered into the tuyere and with the oxygen turned off.
Water-powered bloomeries: the end of an era
Published in R. F. Tylecote, The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles, 2017
Rockley Smithies is one of the best bloomery sites so far excavated as it gives evidence of three hearths but, apparently, no powered hammer. The water was supplied by a pond fed from a leat, and water was fed to overshot wheels, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 146. The wheels were narrow and only capable of powering bellows for the bloomery, string and chafery hearths. The bellows’ rooms were found in all cases, but very little of the leather and wood of the bellows themselves. The bloomery hearth existed to a height of 65 em, but it is not clear where the tuyere entered (Fig. 147). The slag would have been tapped off in the passage leading from the north-west of the hearth. The working platform of the hearth was 60 em above the slag-tapping level, which indicates the minimum effective height of the hearth. This should be compared with the 1 m of the 1840 Catalan hearth as shown by Percy. 13
Energy Optimization Studies for Integrated Steel Plant Employing Diverse Steel-Making Route: Models and Evolutionary Algorithms-Based Approach
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021
Sagnik Chowdhury, Nirupam Chakraborti, Prodip Kumar Sen
For nontrivial problems, it is not possible to obtain just one optimal solution, but the optimization process gives rise to a set of Pareto-optimal solutions which forms Pareto front in the objectives space (Miettinen 1998). All the solutions belonging to the Pareto-optimal set are nondominated by any other feasible solution in the objective space. Evolutionary computation starts with a set of random population and not a single start point. The Pareto-optimum that it computes for a bi-objective case is actually a set instead of a single solution, out of which the relevant solutions are identified by a Decision Maker (DM) by applying pertinent domain knowledge. The same strategy is followed here. MOO using evolutionary algorithms for iron and steel-making-related problems have been attempted earlier. Genetic algorithm-based multi-criteria optimization of blast furnace was studied (Pettersson, Saxén and Deb 2009). Tri-objective optimization of tuyere velocity, gas flow, and tuyere cooling heat loss in blast furnace was also attempted using evolutionary algorithms (Mahanta and Chakraborti 2019).
Design of Gear-type Combustion Stabilizer under Benign Control of Pulverized Coal Combustion Behavior
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Haiying Cheng, Jing Wang, Fangqiang Jia, Ning Zhao
Based on the relevant parameters of burner and drying drum in LB2000 asphalt mixture mixing station, the structural parameters of aggregate drying pulverized coal burner were determined, and a physical model was established, as shown in Figure 1(Wang et al. 2018; Zhang, Cheng, and Xu 2015). The size of main body of pulverized coal burner (2) is 1.5 m in length, 1.2 m in diameter, and a flaring (7) angle of 35°. An annular nozzle was used in each tuyere. A gear-type stabilizer (10) was circumferentially arranged at the primary air nozzle, and 12 axial swirl blades (8,9) were evenly arranged in the second and third air ducts. The parameters are shown in Table 1.
Distribution of harmful elements in dissected 125 m3 blast furnace
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2019
Xiaoyue Fan, Jianliang Zhang, Kexin Jiao, Jiaquan Zhang, Kaidi Wang
Harmful elements primarily concentrate on the hot surface at higher part of BFX as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. However, the accumulated region of harmful elements is located at the cold inner surface in the lower part of BFX as shown in Figure 10 and Figure 11. The temperature of blast furnace increases from the throat to the tuyere and from the outside of blast furnace to the inside. These two temperature gradients inside blast furnace suggest that the hot surface temperature of refractory at higher furnace may be similar to the cold surface temperature of refractory at lower part of furnace. The boiling point of different constituents calculated via Factsage 6.4 Thermodynamic Calculation Software is shown in Table 2. Harmful elements may condensate when the temperature is lower than their boiling points and react with oxides in refractory. The stabilisation of reaction products is better than that of elements as a result of their higher boiling points, which can prevent the harmful elements from further permeation and make them concentrate near the appropriate isothermal inside the furnace lining.