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Water/Wastewater Conveyance
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Figure 8.42 shows how a simplified bellows gauge works. The bellows itself is a convoluted unit that expands and contracts axially with changes in pressure. The pressure to be measured can be applied to either the outside or the inside of the bellows; in practice, most bellows measuring devices have the pressure applied to the outside of the bellows. When pressure is released, the spring returns the bellows and the pointer to the zero position.
Hermetic Seals
Published in Heinz K. Müller, Bernard S. Nau, Fluid Sealing Technology, 2019
Heinz K. Müller, Bernard S. Nau
A classical bellows shape is the convoluted metal bellows, Fig. 5. The convolutions are rolled or hydroformed from a tube, and multi-ply bellows can be made from concentric tubes. With internal diameter d and external diameter D the effective diameter is approximately De = (d + D)/2. Materials are selected for corrosion and temperature resistance, and for manufacturability. High endurance requires a material having high pulsating fatigue strength under bending stress. Deformation modes are shown in Fig. 6. Metal bellows are made from bronze, tombac, various stainless steels, or nickel alloys like Monel™, Hastelloy C™ and InconelTM.
Design of Bellows
Published in Mario Di Giovanni, Flat and Corrugated Diaphragm Design Handbook, 2017
Bellows for volume compensation as shown in the previous example are commonly used in oil-filled devices such as gyros, accelerometers, and other floated instruments. The bellows is allowed to expand and correct with changes in the volume of the fluid brought about by temperature Variation. Ideally, the bellows should be capable of compensating through the full temperature range and maintaining a positive pressure on the fluid at all times, as voids or “cavitation” could be very troublesome. The bellows should take little room yet be capable of compensating for large volume Variation. Nature has done this very efficiently in the egg where a thin membrane allows the contents of the egg to change volume with temperature without generating reactive pressures. In addition to being pressure-responsive devices, bellows can perform many other duties such as flexural pivots for access to vacuum or pressure Chambers, flexible shaft couplings, and hydraulic multipliers. Some of these applications are illustrated in Fig. 21.2.
Development and Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Shear Wall with Vertical Connectors Subjected to Cyclic Loading
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Longji Dang, Shuting Liang, Xiaojun Zhu, Zhuolin Wang, Rui Pang, Jian Yang
Figure 15a illustrates the hysteretic curve of specimen PSWVC1. As shown in Fig. 15a, the lateral strength of specimen PSWVC1 at the cracking point was approximately 309.35 kN. At a drift ratio of 0.46%, specimen PSWVC1 reached the yield strength, and the corresponding lateral strength was approximately 537.19 kN. Simultaneously, the fracture was first observed at the end of the weakened segment in XMD1, which indicates that the XMDs installed at the vertical connection can be served as the first seismic fortification line to protect the wall panels effectively. When the drift ratio was 0.57%, the embedded steel plate for connecting XMD5 had anchorage failure as a result of the steel plate without enough anchor bars. This is because that the anchor bars for embedded steel plate overlapped the metal bellows for the longitudinal bars in the wall panels. In the future, the anchorage failure for XMD can be avoided by replacing the welding joint with bolted joint. The lateral load reached its peak strength (693.18kN) at a drift ratio of 1.12%. Subsequently, the lateral strength decreased slowly and reached the ultimate strength at a drift ratio of 2.37%. According to the Chinese design code JGJ 3-2010(2010), the elastic drift ratio and elastic-plastic drift ratio of the shear wall structure should be less than 1:1000 and 1:120, respectively. Therefore, the ultimate drift ratio of specimen PSWVC1 was 2.84 times the recommended elastic-plastic drift ratio.
Speed of Sound Measurement of Hydrogen Isotopologues Containing Tritium for Reference Gas Sample Verification
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2023
Simon Niemes, James Robert Braun
All gas mixtures used in this study were prepared by a manometric mixing principle using two volumes of about 0.8 L. Figure 1 gives a general overview of the mixing loop. Two vessels with accurately known volume (), temperature (), and pressure (, MKS Baratron 627D) were filled with the initial homonuclear isotopologues to the target pressure ratio. The gas sample was subsequently produced by circulating the gas using a metal bellows pump (MB601DC). In addition to the SoS measurements [Stanford Research Instruments binary gas analyzer (BGA)], various integrated analytical tools like the laser Raman systems (LARAs)[6,7] and beta-induced X-ray spectrometry (BIXS)[8] enabled in situ composition monitoring. A detailed overview of the TRIHYDE setup as well as the gas sample production procedure is described in Ref.[3].
Numerical investigation of precast RC beam with unbonded prestressing tendon under impact loads
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2023
Nowadays, precast reinforced concrete (RC) structure, with its advantages of high product quality, high production efficiency, good economic benefits, small environmental impact, short construction period and so forth, has attracted more and more attention (Li, Hao, Zhang, & Bi, 2018; Zoubek, Isakovic, Fahjan, & Fischinger, 2013). In general, the method of connection pays a critical role since it directly affects the overall performance of the precast structure, so the researchers have conducted a great quantity of analysis on different connection types (Ghayeb, Razak, & Sulong, 2017; Nimse, Joshi, & Patel, 2014; Sadrnejad & Labibzadeh, 2006). These researches included the grouting sleeve connection, unbonded prestressing connection and metal bellows connection. The methods of connections are divided into two types, i.e. wet connections and dry connections.