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Graphene from Honey
Published in Amir Al-Ahmed, Inamuddin, Graphene from Natural Sources, 2023
Ma et al. synthesized graphene from graphite powder by applying honey in 1:8 ratios. They then stirred it for 10 minutes at 2:00 pm. The mixture was pumped into the center roll of a three-roll mill. They kept the temperature and humidity steady. After 5 hours of testing, they washed the mixture with purified water and centrifuged the suspension to absorb the monolayer graphene. The team discovered that, in addition to producing high-quality graphene, the process provided a very high yield, with over 90 percent of the graphene being monolayer graphene [32]. The diagrammatic representation of graphene synthesis shown in the figure 2.3.
Use of lignin in polyurethane-based structural wood adhesives
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2018
J. Lima García, G. Pans, C. Phanopoulos
Samples of SUPRASEC® 2144 containing 5 and 10 wt% of dried Alcell® lignin (MC < 1 wt%) were prepared by means of mechanical agitation with a Cowles blade stirrer. The obtained dispersions were then split into two parts. Subsequently, one part of the dispersion was processed by a three-roll mill as described in section 2.
Enhanced tensile strength, fracture toughness and piezoresistive performances of CNT based epoxy nanocomposites using toroidal stirring assisted ultra-sonication
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
A. Esmaeili, C. Sbarufatti, K. Youssef, A. Jiménez-Suárez, A. Ureña, A.M.S. Hamouda
Similarly to their mechanical properties, CNT doped epoxies also experience high variations in their piezoresistive-sensitivities, expressed as the ratio of normalized resistance and strain, typically in the range between 0.3 and 2.9 [14, 20–25], depending on the CNT weight concentration and dispersion approaches. Different mechanical dispersion methods were used to produce CNTs doped epoxy, including ultra-sonication, high shear mixing, and calendering methods, each manifesting positive and negative effects on CNT morphology [26]. Sonication also known as ultrasonic homogenizer is the most typical dispersion method used in nanocomposite due to its minimum waste compared to other methods as well as its easy implementation. Nanofillers damage when high sonication time and power are considered is the main drawback of probe-sonication [27]. Three roll mill method, also known as calendering method, is another typical procedure used for nanofiller dispersion in which high shear forces exerted by the rollers caused dispersion of nanofillers. This method was taken into account as the most efficient method in breaking CNT aggregates into smaller pieces especially when viscosity was high [5]. On the other hand, nanofiller wastes and the gap size limitation (1-5µm) made some concerns for effective usage of this method for some applications [26]. Finally, high shear mixing method, also called toroidal method, is another technique used for polymer nanocomposite fabrication. The capability to perform degassing under controlled temperature is the advantage of this method, which is very helpful in efficient removal of air bubbles, in particular, when highly viscous materials are treated. The homogenization effect of this method was also demonstrated by Sánchez-Romate et al. [28] in which an effective breakage of large CNT aggregates into smaller pieces took place. This was related to 3-D shear forces excreted by propeller leading to a better homogenization effect. Besides, chemical functionalization of CNTs is another factor influencing their dispersion states and interfacial bondings with epoxy [26, 29, 30]. Amino-treatment (CNT-NH2) and acid treatment of CNTs with carboxylic acid (–COOH) or hydroxyl (–OH) groups known as CNT-COOH or CNT-OH, respectively, are the most common chemical functionalization approach. In this paper, the focus will be on a combined mechanical dispersion approach rather than chemical functionalization of CNTs.