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Principles of Physics
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
If the force is tangential to the object, and tends to rip the object apart, then it is a shear force. Dividing by the area in the direction of the force gives the shear stress. Shear stresses tend to deform the shape of an object, or make the object fail along the direction of the force. A piece of paper or peanut butter have very low shear stress values before they fail. Polymers have low allowable shear stresses in the direction of the polymer chains but higher allowable shear stresses perpendicular to the direction of the polymer chains.
Event-triggered boundary control of a flexible manipulator with uncertain end load
Published in International Journal of Control, 2023
The control torque can be generated by a shoulder motor, and the control torque can be implemented by a micro-trailing edge effector (Bieniawski & Kroo, 2003) or a flap-based effector (Paranjape et al., 2013). All signals used in the developed control strategy are available. and can be respectively measured by the rotary encoder and tachometer. can be measured by the laser displacement sensor. can be obtained by using the backward difference algorithm. can be measured by shear force sensor.
Bayesian-estimation-based method for generating fragility curves for high-fidelity seismic probability risk assessment
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2021
Yoshifumi Katayama, Yasuki Ohtori, Toshiaki Sakai, Hitoshi Muta
In this study, the conventional and proposed methods were applied to the duct and pit structure (Figure 5), which is a reinforced-concrete water-intake structure installed in a nuclear power plant. The analysis model, soil properties, and input ground motion parameters were adapted from [42]. The seismic response of the said structure was calculated using the two-dimensional finite-element method (2D-FEM) non-linear analysis, which considers the non-linearity of both the soil and structure whilst using TDAP III as the analysis code [43]. The corresponding analysis model is depicted in Figure 6. The structure and soil were modeled using beam and strain elements, respectively. The non-linearity of the structure and the sand layers (1 and 2) were considered using the M–φ and Ramberg–Osgood models, respectively. Table 3 lists the material properties of soil. MCS were performed to generate a shear-wave velocity sample by considering variations and assuming the shear-wave velocity to follow a lognormal distribution with coefficient of variation equal to 0.2. To obtain a high quality, bias-free sample from the MCS result, the authors adopted a method to generate random numbers with high independence and uniformity by repeatedly performing probability distribution and moment corrections [44,45]. Figure 7 depicts the horizontal component of input seismic motion. The corresponding vertical component equaled 2/3 times the horizontal component. As the structural failure modes, both bending and shear failure are considered, and the failure criteria are set according to [42]. Specifically, bending failure occurs when the value of the interlayer deformation angle exceeds 1/100 radians. Likewise, shear failure occurs when the shear force exceeds the corresponding shear resistance.
Influence of anchorage length of composite fabrics and bonded surface on the strengthened short reinforced concrete corbel by bonding CFRF
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2020
Ivelina Ivanova, Jules Assih, Dimitar Dontchev
This article focuses on the effect of anchored length of CFRF, on ultimate load and the mechanical behavior of RC corbel (Assih, Ivanova, Dontchev & Li, 2015; Corry & Dolan, 2001; Ivanova & Assih, 2015, 2016; Ivanova, Assih, Li, Dontchev & Delmas, 2015a, 2015b). Considering the corbel as cast monolithic element with the column, its main function is to transfer the vertical and horizontal strengths in the members such as columns and beams. In these members, the presence of high values of shear forces reduces their flexural capacity.