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Introduction to Civil Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Hydraulic engineering deals with the flow of water and its distribution. It includes the application of fluid mechanics to analyze the flow of water through a closed medium like a pipe or in an open channel. The primary concern of civil engineers is open channel flow. The applications of hydraulic engineering include the design of hydraulic structures like dams, breakwaters, and sewage conduits and the management of waterways like flood protection and erosion protection. It also comprises environmental management likes forecasting the details regarding mixing or transport of pollutants in the flow of water. Water supply, irrigation, navigation, and hydroelectric power development are some of the applications of water resources engineering which involves the use of water for constructive purposes. Recently, the sustainability concept of concern for the preservation of our natural surroundings has amplified the significance of water resources engineering.
Strategic Issues in Environmental Remediation
Published in Timothy J. Havranek, Modern Project Management Techniques for the Environmental Remediation Industry, 2017
Hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of the ability of a geologic material to transmit a fluid, dependent on the type of fluid passing through the material. Its value is influenced by the degree of interconnectedness of the pore spaces in unconsolidated materials or the crevices and fractures of consolidated materials, as well as the viscosity and density of the fluids flowing through the material. The hydraulic conductivity indicates the quantity of water (or other fluid) that will flow through a unit cross-section area of a porous medium per unit time and under a hydraulic gradient of 1 (hydraulic gradient is discussed in the section on site conditions). Equation 2.1 defines hydraulic conductivity in terms of permeability (k), density (ρ), acceleration due to gravity (g), and viscosity (μ):20 () K=kρgμ
Hydraulic engineering
Published in Mohammad Albaji, Introduction to Water Engineering, Hydrology, and Irrigation, 2022
Hydraulic engineering is the application of fluid mechanics principles to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water. Before beginning a hydraulic engineering project, one must figure out how much water is involved. A hydraulic engineer is concerned with the transport of sediment by the river, the interaction of the water with its alluvial boundary, and the occurrence of scour and deposition. “The hydraulic engineer actually develops conceptual designs for the various features which interact with water such as spillways and outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structures for irrigation projects, and cooling-water facilities for thermal power plants” (Figures 1.1–1.3).
Quantifying flow and velocity distributions in open channels with varied roughness and slopes: a modelling approach
Published in Water Science, 2023
Hajir Al Hindasi, Eyad Abushandi
The laboratory experiments were conducted to provide insights into velocity and flow distributions. The channel roughness and geometry have a significant influence on the flow and velocity characteristics and distributions. The datasets were collected at different slope ranges but the same initial flow rates. The velocity profiles were measured while the slope was changing, at four different points along the channels, to extract the precise, quantified relationship between velocity and flow with changing slopes. The velocity and flow behavior in the concrete channel showed continuously declining rates by moving from the water source to the end of the channel. However, this was not the case for the steel channel, where the velocity and flow behaviors show continuously rising rates, by moving from the source of the water to form a hydraulic jump at the end of the channel (Figure 4). The hydraulic jump indicates a sudden change from supercritical flow (high velocity and low depth) to subcritical flow (low velocity and high depth) within a short distance.
Hydraulic modelling of irrigation canals for improved flow conditions in surface irrigation systems
Published in ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2023
Joshua Wanyama, Erion Bwambale
One of the proven ways to improve conveyance efficiency in irrigation canals is regular maintenance and modernization. Canal maintenance involves desilting, vegetation clearing, repairs, among others, while modernization may involve technical and managerial upgrading to improve irrigation service to farmers. These scenarios were evaluated using hydraulic modelling. Hydraulic modelling is the use of mathematical models and computer simulations to analyze and predict the flow of water in natural and man-made systems such as rivers, canals, and irrigation systems (Bwambale et al. 2019b). These models can be used to evaluate the impact of proposed changes to the system, such as the construction of a dam or the diversion of water for irrigation, on water quality and availability. They can also be used to design and optimize the operation of water control structures and to predict flooding and drought conditions. The models are created by using mathematical equations and computer algorithms to simulate the movement of water, and data such as topography, soil type, and precipitation, is input into the model to make it as accurate as possible.
Estimation and comparison of gabion weir oxygen mass transfer by ensemble learnings of bagging, boosting, and stacking algorithms
Published in ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2023
KM Luxmi, N. K Tiwari, S Ranjan
A fluidic structure put across the river flow to change its hydraulic characteristics is called a weir. Usually, impermeable weirs are constructed from concrete, metal, rubber, brick, etc., and used for various engineering purposes. However, alternative weirs made of porous media, popularly called gabion weirs, are preferred because they fulfill natural, economic, and ecological requirements (Mohamed 2010). They are manufactured using locally available porous particles packed with distinct shapes and sizes of coarser materials. They divert water flow for domestic use, irrigation, and industrial requirements. Another advantage of the gabion weirs is that they offer a meager cost as their construction is simple and skilled labor is unnecessary. Oxygen mass transfer over cascades and weirs was the interest of numerous investigators (Nakasone 1987; Avery Sean and Novak 1978; Wilhelms et al. 1993; Chanson 2000). Oxygen mass transfer at rectangular and triangular labyrinth weirs was studied by Wormleaton and Soufiani (1998). Hoque and Paul (2022) investigated oxygen mass transfer experimentally and discussed the penetration depth of the air bubbles. Park and Yang (2019) experimented with estimation of oxygen transfer at vertical-up.