China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Selection of Materials to Resist Failure
Published in Mahmoud M. Farag, Materials and Process Selection for Engineering Design, 2020
Over half of the tin production is used as protective coatings of steels and other metals. In addition to its corrosion resistance, tin is nontoxic and it provides a good base for organic coatings. This explains its wide use in coating the steel cans, tin cans, used for the storage of food products and beverages. Tin is normally cathodic to iron, but the potential reverses in most sealed cans containing food products and the tin acts as a sacrificial coating, thus protecting steel. Tin is also resistant to relatively pure water and dilute mineral acids in the absence of air. This makes it suitable for coating copper pipes and sheets in contact with distilled water and medicaments. Tin is attacked by strong mineral acids and alkalis.
Sourcing with recycled materials: a contingent sourcing model with supply unavailability and setup time uncertainty for ripple effect mitigation
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Chung-Chi Hsieh, Hung-Lin Chang
Sourcing is one of firms' key management processes, and sustainable sourcing has become increasingly important due to stricter government regulations related to environmental protection and increasing demand for environmentally-friendly products (European Commission 2015, 2020; EPA 2020). Sustainable sourcing need not be costly because current technological advancements enable recycling to consume less energy than acquisition of virgin materials directly from a mine in a number of material/product categories. According to the EPA's environmental factoids (EPA 2016), producing new plastic from recycled materials consumes 75% of the energy required to manufacture it from virgin materials, and recycling steel and tin cans consumes between 26% and 40% of the energy used to manufacture them from virgin materials. Adopting recycled materials as a supply source therefore has become not only feasible but also economical for manufacturers in a variety of industrial sectors. For example, Sandvik Coromant, the world's leading cemented carbide tool supplier, already developed a recycling programme to recycle used cemented carbide inserts from its customers to counteract the rising prices of tungsten, which comprises 75% of the cemented carbide composite (Rollauer 2011).