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Construction Quality Assurance/Quality Control for Landfills E. Daniel and Robert M. Koerner
Published in Robert E. Landreth, Paul A. Rebers, Municipal Solid Wastes, 2020
David E. Daniel, Robert M. Koerner
The best way to mix bentonite with soil is with a pugmill. A pugmill is a device for mixing dry materials, e.g., a concrete batch plant. A conveyor belt feeds soil into a mixing unit, and bentonite drops downward into the mixing unit. The materials are mixed in a large box that contains rotating rods with mixing paddles. Water may be added to the mixture in the pugmill, as well.
Mechanical and Structural Investigation of Traditional Masonry Systems with Diverse Types of Bricks and Hydrated Lime Mortars
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2023
Gayoon Lee, Jun Hyoung Park, Chan Hee Lee, Sung-Min Lee, Kihak Lee
Brick production consist of the following processes: (1) The raw material must be crushed and mixed with enough water. (2) Wetting is carried out for about one month or more. After wetting, the selected soil is in the form of clay with appropriate viscosity. (3) For factory-made bricks, after the soil is compressed using a de-airing pugmill, it is inserted into a factory-made device and compressed to form a regular brick. This process is conducted in batches with automated machines and can produce greatly homogeneous bricks. These bricks evaporate moisture through natural drying before firing. In the hand-made brick manufacturing process, the soil is piled up and the technician steps on it directly to squeeze the remaining air from the selected soil. After the soil preparation process has been completed, the selected soil is manually cast using shaping molds. After molding, moisture is evaporated from the bricks for a certain period through natural drying. (4) Factory-made bricks are fired at a temperature of 1,100ºC using a modern gas kiln. For hand-made bricks, the bricks are placed in a traditional kiln, and the heat is controlled and they are fired for about three days. Bricks that have been fired are used at the construction site after undergoing a cooling process.
Effect of mixture composition on the mechanical behaviour of cold recycled asphalt mixtures
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
André Kazuo Kuchiishi, Kamilla Vasconcelos, Liedi Legi Bariani Bernucci
For the RAP_3F2C, the foaming machine Wirtgen WLB 10S was used. The asphalt for the foaming process was heated until 165°C was reached within the whole system, and it was further used to adjust the machine foaming rate. After that, the water for foaming was determined by means of the Expansion Ratio (ER) and Half-life (τ1/2) parameters. A 2.6% of water content for foaming was then selected, providing an ER of 24 times and a τ1/2 of 14.3 s, greater than the recommended values of 8 times and 6 s by Wirtgen (2012). The RAP, cement and the virgin aggregate blend were then placed into the Wirtgen pugmill WLM 30 and revolved. Afterwards, the water was added, followed by the foamed asphalt.