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Published in Les Goring, Residential Surveying Matters and Building Terminology, 2023
Bricks: Building-bricks are usually made from clay or shale – known as brick earth – and they are either moulded by hand or machinery and burnt/fired (not baked) in a kiln. Clay suitable for brick-making must contain alumina and silica. Alumina makes the clay plastic and silica (usually in the form of sand) assists in producing hard, durable and uniform bricks. A wide variety of bricks are available, produced in many colours and textures. With the exception of so-called engineering bricks, most bricks are porous and, therefore, not waterproof as such; hence the progression from solid-wall construction to cavity-wall construction, whereby the outer leaf/skin gets wet, but dries out without the risk of affecting the inner leaf/skin. This phenomenon of getting wet and drying out can also be thought of as being allowed to breathe – a natural (and healthy) function which ought to be considered when applying dampness-inhibitor liquids to walls.
Bricks
Published in A. Bahurudeen, P.V.P. Moorthi, Testing of Construction Materials, 2020
Bricks are laid in a particular bond and cemented with the help of mortar. Generally, there are four types of bonds. These four types of bonds and their short descriptions are as follows. Stretcher bond: In a brick of 190 × 90 × 90 mm, the 190 × 90 mm face is called as a stretcher. This type of bond is useful for the construction of half-brick-thick partition walls.Header bond: 90 × 90 mm face in brick is called a header. One-brick thick wall can be constructed by this type of bond.English bond: This bond is the strongest bond of all, with alternative courses consisting of header and stretcher. It is used for the construction of walls of all thicknesses.Flemish bond: Each course consists of alternate header and stretcher. The alternative course starts with a stretcher and header.
Making decision on repointing of clay brick facades on the basis of moisture content and water absorption tests results – a review of assessment methods
Published in Jan Kubica, Arkadiusz Kwiecień, Łukasz Bednarz, Brick and Block Masonry - From Historical to Sustainable Masonry, 2020
S.K. Shahreza, M. Molnár, J. Niklewski, I. Björnsson, T. Gustavsson
Clay brick masonry is one of the most common building materials in the facades of residential buildings in the Nordic countries. The ubiquitous use of clay brick masonry as façade material is due to its aesthetic values, good durability and low maintenance needs. Although the expected technical life time of a clay brick façade is more than hundred years, maintenance can still be needed due to inevitable deterioration caused by climate and ambiance actions. Important climate actions in a Nordic climate include wind-driven rain (WDR) and freeze-thaw-cycles – actions that individually or in conjunction can cause spalling, delamination or cracking of bricks and erosion and cracking of mortar joints.
Constellations of weathering: following the meteorological mobilities of Bangla bricks
Published in Mobilities, 2020
Tracing the brick to its material origins, begins with weather. Brick making in Bangladesh is reliant on clay-rich soils extracted from the abundant alluvial floodplains of the delta. Although bricks are made from a combination of sand, silt and clay, the essential element for brickmaking is clay. Clay particles lend viscosity and plasticity to soil, enabling it to be moulded into desirable shapes, including the rectangular shape of the brick. The presence of clay also causes concretion, when heated plastic soils are transformed into strong, water resistant vitrified forms. Clays are distributed across the globe and exist in the Earth’s crust, ocean sediments and atmospheric aerosols (Ito and Wagai 2017, 2), but the formation of these fine-grained, earthy particles is almost always the result of weathering. Clays are generally found at the surface of the earth at the rock-atmosphere interface (Velde 2008, 8). Most clay materials form when rocks containing the mineral feldspar come into contact with water. When large amounts of water are present, the solids in the rock become unstable and they dissolve. The greater the renewal of water, for example by rain, the greater the dissolution (Velde 2008, 8). These erosive movements alter the feldspar, resulting in the formation of clay particles. Weathering of rock through movement and friction brings clay into being. Like the monsoon, these tiny, dynamic particles emerge from and are generated by mobilities, and once created clay particles themselves become agents of transformation.
Characteristics of unconfined masonry walls under in-plane static and reverse-cyclic loading: a comparative numerical study
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2023
Muhammad Asad Naseer, Asad Ullah Qazi, Ubaid Ahmad Mughal, Muhammad Mubashir Ajmal, Ali Ahmed
Wall CS-05 is a calcium-silicate brick wall (Barraza, 2012). The bricks are joined together with mortar 2 mm thick. The bricks dimensions are 248 mm long × 248 mm high × 175 mm thick. The wall is 1250 mm long × 2500 mm high × 175 mm thick. On the top of the wall, a stiff beam is provided and the base is fixed, as shown in Figure 7. Vertical precompression of 1000 kPa is applied on the wall before the application of in-plane static load (Barraza, 2012). As already described the load is applied in two steps. In first step vertical precompression is applied followed by lateral displacement in the second step. Boundary conditions are matched with experimental tests by keeping the base of wall fully fixed against any displacement and rotations.
Evaluating the feasibility, usability, and strength of recycled construction and demolition waste in base and subbase courses
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2020
Brick is made from cooked clay and silt. Therefore, failing to meet the technical requirements might be due to half-cooked clay and silt aggregates that have been grinded and spread in the whole mixture while passing through crusher and sieve. This means that a part of brick’s share in the mixture must be replaced with concrete and natural stone. The author continues to change the mixture in this way until it satisfies the standards. As Table 4 shows, mix 3 satisfies base and subbase requirements and will be used in the rest of the study.