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The concept of Industry 4.0
Published in Rajeev Agrawal, J. Paulo Davim, Maria L. R. Varela, Monica Sharma, Industry 4.0 and Climate Change, 2023
S. Ranjan, V. Roy, Navriti Gupta
The Second Industrial Revolution started around the 1850s in which the steel was used in mass production, from small needle to large manufacturing. In the 1860s, operating Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace that can convert the molten pig iron into still that too in large quantities; so after the invention, the industrialization grew more rapidly. And in the 1870s, many new inventions took place in which the Bessemer furnace was displaced by the open-hearth furnace [10].
The Steel Industry
Published in Alfred Linden Levinson, Energy and Materials in Three Sectors of the Economy, 2017
Large scale steel making began when Bessemer and Kelly showed how to refine molten pig iron by blowing it with air in large vessels. In 1864 the first Bessemer converter was built in the United States. About this time Siemans in England and Martin in France showed how to use regenerative shallow bath furnaces to make steel from pig iron and scrap. This process became known as the open hearth process. The first open hearth furnace in the United States was built in 1870.
Waste Minimization in Historical Perspective
Published in John M. Bell, Proceedings of the 43rd Industrial Waste Conference May 10, 11, 12, 1988, 1989
The earliest efforts to recover waste products were driven by cost-cutting motives rather than any concern for the environment. The Siemens Open Hearth furnace, developed in 1857, recovered waste heat and reused it to pre-heat air, thus saving on fuel costs.4 Additional forms of waste reduction in the iron and steel industry included flue dust recovery and scrap iron reuse.5 Each of these nineteenth-century advancements came in association with the introduction of new furnace technology which spread slowly through the industry. Prior to 1900 there was little if any external incentive for most industries to reduce or minimize the volume of wastes, but manufacturers did see a rationale for adopting profit increasing techniques.
A review of steel slag as a substitute for natural aggregate applied to cement concrete
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Zhennan Li, Aiqin Shen, Xuerui Yang, Yinchuan Guo, Yiwei Liu
Steel slag can be segmented into converter slag, electric furnace slag, and open-hearth furnace slag according to different steelmaking furnaces in smelting process. The chemical compositions of steel slag fluctuate greatly due to the difference of steel varieties, raw materials, smelting process and stacking period (Mo et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021). The component of steel slag and natural aggregates are listed in Table 1. It can be found that CaO and SiO2 account for a large proportion in the chemical component of various aggregates, but the content is slightly different. Steel slag and limestone contain more CaO and less SiO2, while basalt and diabase have the opposite content. In addition, the oxides of iron, aluminium, and magnesium are also the main constituents of aggregates.
Emission reduction and fuel-saving potentials in jaggery industry via cleaner combustion
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
S. K. Tyagi, N. Tyagi, H. Himanshu, S. Kamboj, K. K. Agarwal, U. Sharma, V. V. Tyagi
Flat and circular stirrersFreshly harvested sugarcaneTools for cleaning sugarcaneDry bagasse for heating the juiceOrganic and chemical clarificantsJute cloth for cooling the jaggery cakesCartoons for packing and storage of jaggerySteel bucket for measuring the sugarcane juiceOther tools and required facilities as per the needPlatform balance of 100 kg with least count of 10 gWeighing station of 5 tons having the least count of 500 gDiesel engine operated sugarcane crusher for extraction of juiceOpen-hearth furnace operated multi-pan (4 pans) heating systemCircular concrete platform for cooling and stirring viscous jaggery