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Thermal Systems
Published in Dale R. Patrick, Stephen W. Fardo, Industrial Process Control Systems, 2021
Dale R. Patric, Stephen W. Fardo
A simplified diagram of an electric arc furnace is shown in Figure 4-6. High-current electricity is applied across the carbon electrode and the graphite crucible. This causes an electric arc to be produced. The arc occurs when the electrode touches metal. After an arc has been started, the electrode is withdrawn. Temperatures of 3500°F are typical of electric arc furnaces.
Arc steel-making furnaces functionality enhancement
Published in Vladimir Litvinenko, Scientific and Practical Studies of Raw Material Issues, 2019
E. Martynova, V. Bazhin, A. Suslov
In the process of melting in an electric arc furnace, the length of the electric arc is constantly changing, therefore, the power of this arc changes proportionally, and this directly affects the thermal condition of the furnace shaft and its elements and structures when the charge materials are heated to melt.
Casting and Foundry Work
Published in Sherif D. El Wakil, Processes and Design for Manufacturing, 2019
The electric-arc furnace is the most commonly used type of electric furnace. Figure 3.20 is a sketch of an electric-arc furnace. The heat generated by an electric arc is transferred by direct radiation or by reflected radiation off the internal lining of the furnace. The electric arc is generated about midway between two graphite electrodes. In order to control the gap between the two electrodes and, accordingly, control the intensity of heat, one electrode is made stationary and the other one movable. Electric-arc furnaces are used mainly for melting steels and, to a lesser extent, gray cast iron and some nonferrous metals.
Preparation of Reduced Iron Powder from High-Phosphorus Iron Ore: A Pilot-Scale Rotary-Kiln Investigation
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2023
Jinxiang You, Shuhui Zhang, Shichao Wu, Li Yan, Wusheng Huang, Mingjun Rao
Recent research results have proved that direct reduction-magnetic separation is efficient for recovering iron and deep phosphorus removal (Li et al. 2013; Rao et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2022; Xu et al. 2012). Direct reduction followed by magnetic separation has been widely used to treat complex iron-bearing ores and prepare reduced iron powder simultaneously (Roy, Nayak, and Rath 2020; Su et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2020). Compared with traditional methods, such as blast furnace smelting and pre-reduction-electric arc furnace smelting, it has lower energy consumption and production costs. Furthermore, the increasing crude steel is also accompanied by the generation of abundant scrap, an essential resource for ironmaking. Reduced iron powder is an ideal dilution material for electric furnace smelting using steel scrap as feedstock.
Recovery of Cobalt from Secondary Resources: A Comprehensive Review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Michael Chandra, Dawei Yu, Qinghua Tian, Xueyi Guo
A pyrometallurgical process enables the recovery of valuable metals from materials through physical and chemical transformation obtained from applying thermal treatment (Akcil et al. 2015). The calcination-smelting process encompasses calcining the spent catalyst under oxidizing conditions and then smelting the calcined catalyst in a furnace. Calcination was performed at a temperature ranged from 760°C to 870°C, removing sulfur, water, and carbon from the spent catalyst (Howard and Barnes 1991). Most of the molybdenum will be volatilized as molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) in this step. The smelting process was performed in an electric arc furnace (EAF) at temperatures ranged from 1650°C to 2400°C. A reducing agent was introduced to reduce the metal oxides and turn the vanadium, cobalt, and nickel into the metallic state (Howard and Barnes 1991).