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Design and Analyses Concepts of Power Systems
Published in J.C. Das, Power Analysis Handbook: Short-Circuits in AC and DC Systems, 2017
The IEC 61511 [24] has been developed as process sector implementation of the IEC 61508 [25]: “Functional Safety of Electrical/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety Related Systems.” It has two basic concepts: The safety lifecycle and safety integrity levels (SILs). The safety lifecycle forms the central framework, and it is a good engineering procedure for safety instrumented systems (SIS) design in process industry (sensors, logic solvers, and final elements are a part of SIS). In the safety lifecycle process, risks are evaluated and SIS performance requirements are established. Layers of protection are designed and analyzed. Then, an SIS is optimally designed to meet the particular process risk. SIL levels indicate order of magnitude of risk reduction. Table 1.7 shows safety integrity levels. SIL 1 has the lowest level of risk reduction and SIL 4 has the highest level of risk reduction. The standard suggests that applications that require the use of SIS of SIL4 are rare in the process industry; an exception can be nuclear plants. The standard mainly deals SIS and interface between SIS and other safety systems in requiring that a process hazard and risk assessment be carried out.
Distributed Control System (DCS)
Published in Chanchal Dey, Sunit Kumar Sen, Industrial Automation Technologies, 2020
Technical standard IEC 61511 defines functional safety – SISs which describe the best possible way to reduce the risk of incidents and downtime for the process industry. It prescribes separate safety layers for control and monitoring, prevention and suppression, as well as emergency measures. Each of these three layers provides specific functions for risk reduction, and collectively they mitigate the hazards arising from the entire production process. Functions of the three layers are such that they are sufficiently independent of each other. Moreover, safety and process control systems are based on separate platforms so that no component in the process control system level or the safety level is used at the same time.
Organization Safety Procedures
Published in Dhananjoy Ghosh, Safety in Petroleum Industries, 2021
Some of the common instrumentation codes and standards used in the process industries as laid down by the above bodies are enumerated as follows:OISD 152 & 153: This standard on maintenance and inspection of safety instrumentation in the hydrocarbon industry provides the guidance for removing obsolescence, standardizing and upgrading existing practices and standards to ensure safe operation.IEC 61511: This technical standard sets out practices in the engineering system that ensures the safety of an industrial process through the use of instrumentation. Such systems are referred to as Safety Instrumented System (SIS). The title of the standard is Functional Safety-Safety Instrumented System for the process industry sector. The standard also recommends the practice for evaluating Safety Integrity Level (SIL).IEC 60079: This standard which is also referred to as EN 60079 (EN stands for European Standards Compliance) or ISA-12.04.01-2004 for the guidance for selection of enclosures for housing electrical and electronic apparatus for use in the explosive gas atmosphere. The standard also provides the guidelines for use of devices in intrinsically safe circuits.ANSI/ISA-91.00.01-2001: This standard guides identification of Emergency Shutdown Systems and Controls that are critical for maintaining safety in process industries.ANSI/ISA-TR99.00.01.2007: This ISA Transaction Report provides the guidelines for security technologies for industrial automations and control systems.ANSI/ISA-18.2.2007: This provides guidelines on the management of alarm systems in the process industries.ANSI/ISA-61010-1 (82.02.01)-2004: This provides direction on safety requirements for electrical equipment, measurement, control and laboratories.ISA-TR84.00.07-2010: This provides guidance for evaluation of fire and gas detection system effectiveness.ISA-TR98.00.02.2007: This provides skill standards for instrumentation technicians.
Cross-acceptance of fire safety systems based on SIL equivalence in relation to IEC 61508 and EN 50129
Published in Safety and Reliability, 2022
Peter Okoh, Hyun Soo Dong, Yiliu Liu
Several functional safety standards (e.g. IEC 62021, IEC 61511, ISO 26262, IEC 61513, and EN 50129, etc.) for specific industrial sectors (e.g. machinery manufacturing, process, automotive, power plant, railway, etc.) have evolved over the years from the generic IEC 61508. This is accompanied by the challenge of getting certification across industries for a safety system originally developed based on IEC 61508. The fact that a product is developed based on IEC 61508 does not automatically afford it cross-acceptance in a specific sector. Yet, going through the certification process from the scratch for every new market in pursuit of cross-acceptance can be tedious, costly, and time-consuming.
Safety and reliability analysis for butterfly valves in the offshore oil and gas industry
Published in Safety and Reliability, 2022
Architecture 1oo1 should also be considered for all safety critical valves in Norwegian oil and gas applications of IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 in the Norwegian offshore industry, which is a recommended process for SIL requirements (Norwegian Oil and Gas Association, 2018). However,