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Data, Measurements, and Tests
Published in Ali Jamnia, Introduction to Product Design and Development for Engineers, 2018
Finally, there are questions whose answers may not fit within a limited number of responses. For instance, “What is the required force to twist a cap from a soda bottle?” or “What is the accuracy of the company's insulin pump?”* The response to this type of data is typically numeric and may be selected from a theoretically infinite number of values over the range of a finite interval. In practice, one is limited by the resolution of the measurement system. For instance, if using a ruler to measure a length of a box, a practical limitation is the ruler's graduation. The actual length of the box falls into the space between two marks. Even the thickness of the graduation itself presents a finite length. Thus, measurements have associated ranges that must be reflected in our expectations. Examples are: What is the company pump's accuracy? It is accurate within ±5.5% of the user-specified flow-rate values.What is the required force to open a cap from a soda bottle? It is 2.8 ± 0.1 lbs.
Vertical control
Published in W. Schofield, M. Breach, Engineering Surveying, 2007
Levelling staffs are made of wood, metal or glass fibre and graduated in metres and centimetres. The alternate metre lengths are usually shown in black and red on a white background. The majority of staffs are telescopic or socketed in three or four sections for easy carrying. Although the graduations can take various forms, the type adopted in the UK is the British Standard (BS 4484) E-pattern type as shown in Figure 3.9. The smallest graduation on the staff is 0.01 m and readings are estimated to the nearest millimetre. As the staff must be held vertical during observation it should be fitted with a circular bubble.
Measuring
Published in Roger Timings, Engineering Fundamentals, 2007
Figure 6.5 shows the scales for a micrometer graduated in ‘inch’ units. The micrometer screw has 40 TPI (threads per inch), therefore the lead of the screw is 1/40 inch (0.025 inch). The barrel graduations are 1/10 inch subdivided into 4. Therefore each subdivision is 1/40 inch (0.025 inch) and represents one revolution of the thimble. The thimble carries 25 graduations. Therefore one thimble graduation equals a movement of 0.025 inch/25 = 0.001 inch. This is one-thousandth part of an inch and is often referred to by engineers as a ‘thou’. Thus 0.015 inch could be referred to as 15 ‘thou’.
Two decades of the evolution of China’s green building policy: insights from text mining
Published in Building Research & Information, 2023
Qiufeng He, Zezhou Wu, Shenghan Li, Heng Li, Ying Wang
Besides the retrospective studies, most previous studies focused on analysing specific GB policy types, such as GB evaluation standards (Ding et al., 2018; Ye et al., 2013), GB financial incentive policies (Cao et al., 2022; Chen & Hong, 2015; Gao et al., 2022; Meng et al., 2021), GB renovation policies (Liu et al., 2020), GB roof policies (Dong et al., 2020), GB regulatory policies (Wang & Liu, 2022), and green finance (Zhang et al., 2020). Among them, the first two themes have been explored the most. GB evaluation standard is regarded as a graduation ruler to measure the green degree of buildings. Previous studies usually analysed the composition of evaluation indicators and compared the evaluation standards in different countries to find out the differences between evaluation standards and put forward suggestions to improve the GB evaluation standards in China (Ye et al., 2015). GB financial incentive policy is considered the key policy to promote GB development because it offsets the high-cost premium (Vyas & Jha, 2018). Nevertheless, excessive fiscal incentives will bring financial pressure to the government, which attracts some scholars to study the strength of fiscal incentive policies under the combination of different policy tools. Recent studies have considered financial incentive policies as supply-side policies and combined demand-side policies (such as targeted product purchase preference guidance policies) to study the incentive gap between two policy categories for GBs (Kong & He, 2021).
Study on preparation and performance of fluid loss additive applied to chlorination titanium blast furnace slag
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Ming Li, Ping Zhou, Weiyuan Xiao, Chi Zhang, Zishuai Liu
During the rheological performance test, the prepared working fluid was immediately poured into the pulp cup of the atmospheric thickener and stirred. After reaching the experimental temperature, the working fluid was continuously stirred for 20 minutes. Then pour the working liquid into the sample cup of viscometer immediately to the scale line. After the rotor is continuously rotated at the lowest speed for 10 seconds, read the initial scale reading, immediately adjust the speed to the next gear, and measure the two groups of readings respectively according to the increasing and decreasing order. When conducting the settlement stability test, pour the prepared working fluid into the atmospheric pressure thickener immediately, pre-prepared according to the test temperature for 20 minutes, then pour into a clean, dry glass measuring cylinder to the 250 mL graduation line within 1 minute, and use plastic wrap to calibrate the opening of the measuring cylinder seal. After standing for 2 hours, remove the supernatant with syringe, record the volume of the precipitated liquid, accurate to ±0.1 ml.
Characteristics of straw particles of selected grain species purposed for the production of lignocellulose particleboards
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2021
Dorota Dukarska, Marta Pędzik, Wiktoria Rogozińska, Tomasz Rogoziński, Rafał Czarnecki
Thus prepared material was next subjected to tests on the basic physical properties. First, the values of poured bulk density (ρb) and tapped bulk density (ρt), as well as angle of repose (αn) and slippery angle of repose (αs) were calculated. Poured bulk density was expressed as a ratio of a mass of loosely heaped straw particles to their volume. The straw particles were poured through a hopper into a container with a capacity of 1 dm3 (103 mm in diameter, 120 mm in high) equipped with volume graduation marks. The straw was heaped with some conical excess which had to be carefully removed. Then, the container with straw was weighted to determine the mass of heaped straw. To determine the tapped bulk density, the straw particles loosely heaped in the container were condensed in a laboratory electromagnetic shaker, type AS200 (Retsch, Germany). The process lasted for 10 min, and the amplitude of vibrations was 2 mm. The tapped bulk density was determined as the ratio of loosely heaped straw particles to their volume after shaking.