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Electro, pneumatic and hydraulic systems and devices
Published in Alan Darbyshire, Charles Gibson, Mechanical Engineering, 2023
Alan Darbyshire, Charles Gibson
The term sensor is used with instrumentation and control systems to describe the element which takes information about the variable being measured or monitored and changes it into some form which enables the rest of the measurement or control system to utilise it. Suppose a pneumatic machine is required to push a printing head onto each package produced from a packaging machine and print the name and address of the company. The packages may be of different sizes and not spaced regularly on the delivery belt. What is required is a means of determining when a package is in the correct position for a cylinder actuator to be actuated and push the printing head onto the face of the package. A position sensor is required. This might be some device which senses the package by coming into contact with it, e.g., the package might move a roller or plunger or operate an electrical switch, or it might be some device which is non-contact and detects the presence of the package by operating a reed switch or other electrical non-contact sensor. The sensor might then be used to mechanically, or by a pneumatic pilot signal, or electrically, actuate a valve.
Sensors, Embedded Systems, and IoT Components
Published in Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ravi Tomar, Maanak Gupta, Mathematical Modeling for Intelligent Systems, 2023
Sensors are devices that measure a physical characteristic of the environment like humidity, temperature, and pressure and transform it into output signals. Sensors that can see, hear, smell, and even taste are now available. Our life at home and at work would be much more difficult if we didn’t have sensors. Sensors embedded in the road regulate the traffic lights at an intersection. When you arrive at the intersection, these sensors detect your presence. A sensor also causes the door to open automatically as you approach the grocery shop. A sensor is a device that measures physical input from its surroundings and provides an electrical output in reaction to that input in the realm of instrumentation and process control. Sensors detect level, temperature, flow, pressure, speed, and position, among other physical qualities. Sensors can be classified as either passive or active in terms of process control. An active sensor does not require an external source of electricity to function, but a passive sensor does. A thermocouple is an active sensor if it operates without the use of an external power supply. When a thermocouple is exposed to an increase in temperature, the voltage across it increases. A piezoelectric sensor is another type of active sensor. A passive sensor is a resistance temperature detector, or “RTD.” It’s a gadget, the resistance of which changes with change in temperature. An external supply or an excitation circuit is required to take advantage of this change in resistance by causing a voltage change. A strain gauge is an example of a passive sensor. Because the output of a sensor must be conditioned or amplified, almost every sensor used in process control will be connected to a transmitter.
Computer-Aided Control in Drying
Published in Alex Martynenko, Andreas Bück, Intelligent Control in Drying, 2018
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments used for indicating, direct reading, and recording of measured quantities. The term instrumentation may refer to a device or group of devices used for direct reading, or when using many sensors, may become part of a complex industrial control system (De Sa, 2001). It should be noted that instrumentation for computer-aided control systems includes only analog or digital sensors, which are capable of producing a real-time data stream. In this case dynamic properties of sensors, such as inertia and time delay become critical for control.
Integration of SCADA and Industrial IoT: Opportunities and Challenges
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
A. Nechibvute, H. D. Mafukidze
Industrial control systems (ICS) consist of computing platforms and associated instrumentation that control automation tasks in industrial processes. ICS technology dominates critical infrastructure and manufacturing industries and allows operators to monitor and control processes in critical industries such as oil and gas production facilities, electrical power grids, transportation, utilities, chemical processing, among others [1]. The largest subgroup of ICS is Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) [2]. SCADA system is typically focused on monitoring and real-time controlling of processes and allows for distributed sensors/actuators and field instrumentation devices to be interconnected to controllers via well-layered network architecture. These SCADA systems are widely employed in virtually all heavy industries. They have evolved from somehow standalone monolithic systems to distributed systems that employ local area network (LAN) technology. They have further evolved to the present networked SCADA systems generation that rely on a wide range of WAN protocols, especially the Internet Protocol (IP) [3]. The advances in data-driven networked technologies, together with the advent of the disruptive patterns presented by the Internet of Things (IoT) are driving the evolution of ICS systems to the next level.
Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) Facility Restart Heat Balance Calibration and Rod Worth Measurements
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2019
Daniel T. Willcox, James R. Parry
At the fundamental level for all instrumentation, a calibration is required to understand the relationship between an instrument’s response and the desired monitored system parameter. In the case of the nuclear instrumentation for power indication within a reactor, the instrument response is electronic current, and the desired reactor parameter is thermal power. The TREAT instruments of interest are both compensated and uncompensated ion chambers. By developing a calibration factor for linear relationships, the instrument can accurately indicate the desired parameter.