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Airlines
Published in Doramas Jorge-Calderón, Aviation Investment, 2020
The generalised cost consists of the summation of the time, money, and external costs. A difference is made between generalised cost for the user – or behavioural generalised cost, and for society at large – or total generalised cost. The former includes only costs borne by the user (row 20), whereas the latter includes those borne by the user and by other members of society (row 21). For each route length, the lowest generalised cost among the various modes (i.e. the best option) is circled, and the best alternative to air transport is underlined. The value created by aviation is calculated by comparing the generalised cost of aviation to that of the best alternative transport mode. Again, a different value is calculated for the user (row 22) and for society at large (row 23). The results show that aviation creates value in longer distances. This does not mean that it cannot create value in shorter distances, but it would tend to do so only on routes where for reasons of say, geography or low traffic density, there is poor provision of alternative modes of transport. Also, the example of 1,000 kilometres, where the best alternative to the user differs from the best alternative to society, illustrates how inefficient pricing or subsidies (in the current case largely the latter) could shift traffic to less socially efficient modes.
Airlines
Published in Doramas Jorge-Calderón, Aviation Investment, 2014
The generalised cost consists of the summation of the time, money and external costs. A difference is made between generalised cost for the user – or behavioural generalised cost – and for society at large – or total generalised cost. The former includes only costs borne by the user (row 20), whereas the latter includes those borne by the user and by other members of society (row 21). For each route length, the lowest generalised cost among the various modes (i.e. the best option) is circled, and the best alternative to air transport is underlined. The value created by aviation is calculated by comparing the generalised cost of aviation to that of the best alternative transport mode. Again, a different value is calculated for the user (row 22) and for society at large (row 23). The results show that aviation creates value in longer distances. This does not mean that it cannot create value in shorter distances, but it would tend to do so only on routes where for reasons of say, geography or low traffic density, there is poor provision of alternative modes of transport. Also, the example of 1,000 kilometres, where the best alternative to the user differs from the best alternative to society, illustrates how inefficient pricing or subsidies (in the current case largely the latter) could shift traffic to less socially efficient modes.
Impact of Cambodian international logistics policies on container cargo flow in a comprehensive intermodal transport network
Published in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 2021
Naoki Kosuge, Ryuichi Shibasaki, Kazumasa Sanui, Kaori Okubo
The model consists of three parts: two lower submodels on the real networks of the MCS and HT and an upper stochastic network assignment model on the entire intermodal super-network. Regarding the assignments of two submodels in the MCS and HT networks, the user equilibrium network assignment method is applied to consider the congestion due to the capacity constraint of each transport mode. In the upper model, Dial’s (1971) assignment method is adopted, which assigns container flows at a certain probability other than the route with the lowest link cost. As the link cost, the generalised cost, which is the sum of transport monetary cost and time cost that is converted from transport time by multiplying the value of time, is used. Notably, the HT network in this study includes the regional IWT network in addition to the road and railway network. Each transport mode in the lower submodels has a capacity set for each link, and congestion occurs as the link flow approaches the upper limit, resulting in increasing link cost.