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Energy Efficiency and Conservation Technologies
Published in Swapan Kumar Dutta, Jitendra Saxena, Binoy Krishna Choudhury, Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Metal Industries, 2023
Jitendra Saxena, Binoy Krishna Choudhury
Copper is present on an average 33 gm in every ton of Earth’s crust collected from top of earth’s surface till a depth of 10 km. The copper ore contains a large amount of impurities including clay, dirt and a variety of non-copper materials that reduces the concentration of copper in its ore to less than 1%. Concentration as low as 0.2% is also considered to be suitable for exploration. Both surface and underground mining are in practice, though the former is having larger share (90%) when compared to latter. One important operation, therefore, before the copper manufacturing process can begin, is the concentrating of ore to raise the percentage to more than 20%, typically about 30%. Copper extraction process from concentrate is conducted, similar to that of aluminum, in two steps, viz. smelting and electrolysis.
Chlorella vulgaris cell disruption using copper sulfate
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Temesgen Garoma, Ramin E. Yazdi, Cintia Chin, Anurag Jain
The basic steps in the manufacturing of copper involve copper ore mining, copper processing, and copper benefaction (i.e. washing, crushing and grinding). Copper can be extracted from three types of ores: sulfide, oxide and native metal ores. Sulfide ores are generally mined with the use of a pyrometallurgical process as the iron content can be used to obtain the copper concentrate. Here, the sulfide ore is crushed and concentrated, later smelted and then blistered to obtain approximately 98% of copper. In oxide ores, the copper extraction is performed using a hydrometallurgical process. In this process, oxide ores are leached with acid, concentrated and purified by solvent extraction, and then pure copper is recovered by an electrowinning process.
An Analysis of Copper Concentrate from a Kupferschiefer-type Ore from Legnica-Glogow Copper Basin (SW Poland)
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021
Due to the increasing production cost because of high energy consumption at currently decreasing copper content in ore, many researchers suggest that the conventional copper extraction by smelting should be replaced by (bio)-hydrometallurgy in combination with electrowinning as a low-cost, environmental-friendly and energy-saving method.