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Coal transportation
Published in Syd S. Peng, Longwall Mining, 2019
A well-designed bunker stores materials in times of emergency and discharges them back into the transportation system at the appropriate time and rate. A bunker can regulate the flow of coal to avoid the sudden surge of a load and allows the longwall to continue to operate during a stoppage of the outby transportation system. To be effective, a bunker must have sufficient storage capacity so that the longwall can continue to operate for a certain length of time when delays due to the stoppage of the outby system occurs. In this respect, the size of the bunker may vary from one hour to one shift’s production or 500 to 7000 tons. Bunkers are generally located near or around the end of the main line belt conveyor at or near the shaft or slope bottom. The size of the opening depends on the size and type of bunkers. For instance, a 5000 to 7500-ton bunker may need an opening in the range of 20 to 22 ft wide by 40 to 75 ft high by 300 to 400 ft long (6.1–6.7 m ´ 12.2–22.9 m ´ 91.5–122 m).
Waste-to-Energy Technologies
Published in Efstratios N. Kalogirou, Waste-to-Energy Technologies and Global Applications, 2017
During normal operation, the bunker is emptied in a rotation sequence to prevent long periods where waste remains in certain parts, which could result in waste degradation and odor production. The bunker is equipped with a system for continuous monitoring of excessive heat within the waste. This consists mainly of an infrared camera mounted within the bunker.
Marine vessel energy efficiency performance prediction based on daily reported noon reports
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023
Murat Bayraktar, Mustafa Sokukcu
Fuel expenditures on ships, often referred to as bunkers, cover about half of a ship's Operational Expenses (OPEX) and overspend even in personnel costs (Stopford 2018). To make decisions and set better targets for ship fuel consumption and relevant energy savings, the right policies and targets must be determined by examining the historical fuel consumption and ship performance data (Bialystocki and Konovessis 2016; Zeng and Chen 2021). Increasing economic and environmental incentives are fulfilled for ship owners and operators to monitor fuel consumption in line with the set targets (Smith et al. 2013). Ship speed is one of the parameters that have the highest impact on operating costs and also greatly influence a ship’s operation profitability (Szelangiewicz and Żelazny 2006) additively, the most effective factor on needed power and the amount of fuel consumption (Bialystocki and Konovessis 2016). Marine vessels encounter resistances such as wind, waves, current and seawater, etc. (Zeng and Chen 2021) and these resistances should be considered in performance analysis since each of them arouses losses, especially in ship speed as well as propeller performance (Luo et al. 2016; Taskar et al. 2019; Zhou et al. 2022).
Targeting ash generated from coal combustion as secondary source of rare earth elements
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2023
Akshay Kumar Singh Choudhary, Santosh Kumar, Raj Vardhan Sharma, Manavalan Satyanarayanan, Sudip Maity
Samples of coal, CFA, and BA were collected from six different TPS located at different parts of India. The power plants are—Tenughat Thermal Power Station (TTPS), Jharkhand, NTPC Kahalgaon (KhSTPS), Bihar, NTPC Vindhyachal (VSTPS), Madhya Pradesh, NTPC Singrauli (SSTPS), Uttar Pradesh, Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KTPS), Rajasthan, NTPC Dadri (DTPS), Uttar Pradesh (Table S1). The composite coal, a blend of different coals, was collected from coal bunkers or coal storage sites of the TPSs. The CFA samples were collected from the electrostatic precipitator outlet or from fly ash silos, and the bottom ash samples were collected from the boiler outlet releasing a high-pressure water jet. Around 2 kg of each sample was collected from each TPS and were sun-dried for a few days. Two hundred grams of sun-dried samples were further dried in an air oven at 105°C for 6 h to remove any residual surface moisture. The collected samples were crushed with mortar and pestle and the sample was fined to 72-mesh sieve size. Ten grams of each sample was taken in seven separate tubes for further analyses such as proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), environmental scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectroscopy (ESEM–EDS) and high-resolution-inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HR-ICP–MS).
Comparative benefit-cost analysis for a resilient industrial power plant building with isolation system and energy dissipating devices
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2023
Kaoshan Dai, Abba Mas’ud Alfanda, Jianze Wang, Solomon Tesfamariam, Tao Li, Reza Sharbati
As observed from the response history analysis results in terms of drift demands, Case 1 is prone to large residual story drifts after severe earthquakes due to the low post-yield stiffness of the bracing components. This explains why the cost of repair would be higher compared to the other three options. Moreover, Cases 2 and 3 were found to be more effective than lead rubber bearing isolators of Case 4 in reducing seismic drift demands. As indicated in a shaking table test (Wang et al. 2021) of a scaled thermal power plant building, failure of isolators, and permanent displacement of coal bunkers were observed. Therefore, the residual displacement of the LRB devices may become an obstacle to recovery operations if Case 4 is adopted. The isolation effect can be further enhanced by employing hysteretic viscous damping or hybrid self-centering bearings.