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Digital Change for Sustainable Restaurant Systems
Published in Mohammed El Amine Abdelli, Nadia Mansour, Atilla Akbaba, Enric Serradell-Lopez, Sustainability, Big Data, and Corporate Social Responsibility, 2022
The pollutant concentration that causes air pollution varies according to cooking, cooking oil, and energy source. Regardless of the type of energy source and the material used in the meal, it was determined that the cooking method that has the most effect on air pollution is frying with oil. The impact of cooking oil type on air pollution varies depending on the smoking temperature of the oil (Paras 2018). The most striking factor in the studies about air pollution impact of restaurants was the type of energy source used in cooking. The three most common energy sources used in cooking are gas, electricity, and solid fuels. While gas and electricity are used mainly in developed countries, solid fuels are used more frequently in undeveloped countries. Among these three energy sources, the source that pollutes the air the most is solid fuels. Solid fuels are coal and biomass (wood, crop residues, fertilizer, etc.). Solid fuels, which can be used in traditional and modern cooking methods, are the most polluting cooking energy sources (Paras 2018). Charcoal grills used in restaurants are one of the sources that use solid fuels that cause air pollution.
Fuel and Biofuels
Published in Pau Loke Show, Kit Wayne Chew, Tau Chuan Ling, The Prospect of Industry 5.0 in Biomanufacturing, 2021
Mei Yin Ong, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Pau Loke Show
Solid fuel is usually used to produce heat and light energy through combustion. Solid fuel is used in many applications, including solid-fuel rocket technology. Throughout the human history, solid fuel has been discovered and utilized by humanity to produce fire for many years. Wood or stick is the first-known solid fuel that was burned by Homo at nearly three million years ago (Schobert 2013; Gowlett 2016). This discovery not only give human being warmth, cooking, but also protection from animal and higher degree of power over nature. This has distinguished the unique of human from animals. Charcoal, a wood derivative, was then introduced for metal melting since at least 6,000 BCE. At around the 18th century, European forest began to be exhausted and hence, they started to derive alternative fuel, the coke, from coal. Besides, that, coal are the fuel sources that enabled the Industrial Revolution by successfully transforming the era of firing furnace into running steam engines. As a result, coal was rapidly adopted since then and finally have become the major energy source for power generation in most of the countries nowadays.
Scale-up and Case Studies of Biofuel Production Processes
Published in Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi, Fundamentals of Biofuel Production Processes, 2019
Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi
Energy crisis and the environmental pollution are major concerns in the world. Bioenergy-producing industries are playing a significant role to reduce the net carbon emissions by consumption of biofuels. Biofuels are available in three different forms: solid, liquid, and gas. Solid biofuel mainly include dry lignocellulosic biomass. There are two major problems for the use of solid fuels: transportation and energy conversion efficiency. However, in the case of liquid and gaseous biofuels, these problems can be minimized. Bioenergy sources mainly are renewable in nature. The high production costs, complex conversion technologies, high energy input, and limited resources are among the few concerns associated with other renewables such as wind, solar, and hydrothermal. The main alternative to fossil fuels is biomass (Richard 2010; Larson 2008; Koutinas et al. 2016; Naik et al. 2010, Bauen et al. 2009). It is estimated that a four time increase in present bioenergy production (150 EJ/year) (1 EJ = 1018 J) can lead to an almost 50% greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction by 2050 (World Energy Resources Bioenergy (2016).
Risk of COPD due to indoor air pollution from biomass cooking fuel: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2020
Utkarsha Pathak, Naresh Chandra Gupta, Jagdish Chandra Suri
Solid fuel burning produces high levels of household air pollution with a range of more than 250 health-damaging pollutants (Ezzati and Kammen 2002; Kurmi et al. 2012; Gordon et al. 2014). Biomass smoke is essentially not different from cigarette smoke and it contains a large number of health-damaging chemicals including high level of particulate matter of different sizes, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, toluene, styrene, 1,3-butadiene and polycyclic organic hydrocarbons including benzo[a]pyrene and transitional metals like Cu, Fe, Ni, Al and Zn (Zhang and Smith 1996; Morawska and Jj 2002). Those pollutants could pass through the alveolar-capillary barrier and penetrate deep into the lungs and cause damage (Tesfaigzi et al. 2002). A meta-analysis of 25 studies has reported that domestic use of solid biomass fuel causes diverse respiratory diseases in rural populations (Po et al. 2011).
Experimental study on fixed-bed combustion and agglomeration of sawdust–polyethylene mixtures
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Igor Donskoy, Alexander Kozlov, Denis Svishchev, Maxim Penzik
Efficient thermal processing of waste (wood, agricultural, domestic) requires new methods for their conversion. Among the thermal processing methods, incineration occupies a significant place (Castaldi et al. 2017). There are also other methods based on pyrolysis and gasification processes (Yang et al. 2021), hydrothermal conversion (Vallejo et al. 2020), plasma-assisted conversion (Sikarwar et al. 2020), and others. These methods make it possible to convert low-grade feedstock into high-carbon solid fuels and combustible gas, which can then be used in power plants with higher energy and environmental efficiency.
Catalytic pyrolysis of olive cake and domestic waste for biofuel production
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Biofuel obtained from the pyrolysis process has several commercial and industrial applications. The gaseous product can be utilized as a gaseous fuel for gas engines, boilers, and steam generation. The solid product can be utilized as a solid fuel for combustion applications. The liquid product can be used as a liquid fuel for engines and boilers and can be upgraded to several important chemicals (Demirbas 2007; DeOliveira et al. 2006; Stöcker 2008).